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Pathology Test 1 > Repair & Inflammation > Flashcards

Repair & Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What do fibroblasts make?

A

Extracellular matrix

Ex: Collagen

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2
Q

Fibroblasts can differentiate into what?

A

osteo- chondro- and adipo- cytes

but not epithelial cells

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3
Q

What forms scar tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

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4
Q

Name 2 characteristics of scar tissue

A

Scar lacks specialized function

Scar is actually smaller than the original

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5
Q

What signals fibroblasts to injured sites?

A

Transforming GF-beta, Fibroblast GF-2, and platelet-derived GF. Secreted by marcophages and inflamm cells

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6
Q

What is the most abundant white blood cell?

A

Neutrophil

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7
Q

Who is the first responder to injury?

A

Neutrophil (pus)

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8
Q

What effect does corticosteroids do to neutrophils?

A

Normally, neutrophils are along the vessel walls. Steroids will knock these cells off, which increases serum level readings (don’t mistake that for an infectious response) “Neutrophilia”

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9
Q

How many lobes should a normal neutrophil nucleus have?

What if it’s more than that?

A

2-5.

above 5 is too many indicating megaloblastic anemia due to Vit B12/folate deficiency.

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10
Q

What are bands?

A

Immature neutrophils

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11
Q

Bandemia is defined as

A

With infection, the bone marrow will release its immature neutrophils into the blood hoping that they will fight. They are immature but can still phagocytose.

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12
Q

What is the term “left shift?”

A

When acute infection causes release large amounts of even more immature cells than bands.

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13
Q

How long do macrophages live?

A

One day if they don’t get recruited from the blood into a tissue. Once in the tissue, up to years.

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14
Q

Genealogy of a macrophage?

A

Myeloid Precursor –> Monocyte –> Macrophage

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15
Q 
What are macrophages called in the: 
Liver
CNS
Lung
Lymphnode/spleen
A

Liver: Kuppfer cells
CNS: Microglial
Lung: Alveolar Macs
Lymph/spleen: sinus histiocytes

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16
Q

What is the dominant player in chronic inflection?

A

Macrophage

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17
Q

What is the role of an M1 activated mac?

A

Eat everything & release IL-1, 2, & 23 among other CK. This signals other inflammatory cells. Therefore M1 = proinflammatory

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18
Q

How is a macrophage activated?

A

By the microbe

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19
Q

What is the role of an M2 activated mac?

A

Secrete Transforming GF-beta which stimulates tissue repair and fibrosis. Therefore M2 = anti-inflammatory

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20
Q

What are hemophages?

A

Macs with brown cytoplasm right after a hemorrhage due to absorbed hemosiderin

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21
Q

What are Pigment-Laden Macs?

A

Macs after an MI which absorbed lipofuscin released from dead myocytes.

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22
Q

T cells carry out which immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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23
Q

B cells carry out which immunity?

A

Humeral (Ab) immunity

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24
Q

Two causes of lymphocyte inflammation?

A

Infection & Autoimmune

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25
Q

Plasma cells are derived from _____ and produce ________?

A

activated B cells

single specific antibodies in great quantities

26
Q

Eosinophils fight what kinds of pathogens? (2)

A

Parasitic infections & allergic reactions (asthma)

If present in blood, look for these pathogens.

27
Q

Eosinophil responses are mediated by which Ig?

A

IgE

28
Q

Mast cells hang around which parts of the body?

A

Vessels, nerves, and skin.

29
Q

What is the mast cell counter part?

A

Basophil

30
Q

Mast cells and basophils steal which Ig?

A

IgE

31
Q

Mast cells degranulate under what circumstances?

A

IgE is present on surface, which then binds to an antigen.

32
Q

Histamine causes?

A

Vasodilation and endothelial contraction

33
Q

Multinucleated giant cells will be present with acute or chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic

34
Q

What are the two types of giant cells?

A

Foreign body type

Langhans type

35
Q

What is foreign body type?

A

When one man can’t eat a large particle thus it gangs up with another.

36
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Two or more activated macs come together to fight chronic infection

37
Q

Which giant cell type has peripheral nuclei?

A

Langhans

38
Q

What are labile cells?

A

Tissue that is continually lost and therefore has high proliferation capabilities. Example would include: skin, lining of mouth, GI tract, bladder, vagina, etc.

39
Q

What are Stable cells?

A

Cells that can proliferate if damaged or influenced, but don’t typically proliferate.

40
Q

What are permanent cells?

A

Those that do not have proliferation abilities. Unless something strange and unusual occurs.

41
Q

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) promotes what type of growth?

A

fibroblast migration and proliferation

42
Q

Fibroblast Growth Factor stimulates?

A

Fibroblast migration and proliferation

Monocyte chemotaxis and angiogenesis

43
Q

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) promotes?

A

Same as FGF. Fibroblast mig/prolife.

Monocyte chemotaxis and angiogenesis

44
Q

Transforming GF (TGF) Beta stimulates

A

Fibroblast migration (MOST IMPORTANT ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROBLASTS)

45
Q

Genetic defects in structural proteins are typically show what kind of inheritance?

A

Autosomal Dominant

46
Q

Genetic defects in enzymes tend to show what kind of inheritance?

A

Autosomal recessive

47
Q

What are 4 components to granulation tissue?

A

1: Angiogenesis
2: Activated Fibroblasts (new collagen)
3: Lymphocytes and Macs
4: Cell Debris

48
Q

What is the most characteristic feature of granulation tissue?

A

angiogenesis (then new collagen)

49
Q

Organization in pathology means?

A

Getting healed.

50
Q

Angiogenesis is mediated by which growth factor?

A

VEGF

51
Q

What factors induce angiogenesis?

A

Hypoxia, TFG, and PDGF

52
Q

What are the 3 overlapping phases in cutaneous wound healing?

A

Inflammation
Proliferation (granulation tissue)
Maturation (wound contraction)

53
Q

Wound contraction is performed by

A

myofibroblasts

54
Q

Skin strength after 7 days is about ___ of the original.

Skin strength at 4 months is ____ and will remain like this for life.

A

10%

75%

55
Q

What is the most important growth factor driving fibroblast migration, proliferation, and collegen synthesis?

A

TGF-Beta.

56
Q

In general, what determines wound healing rate?

A

Blood supply

57
Q

What is the most important cause of impaired wound healing?

A

Infection

58
Q

What is dehiscence?

A

rupture of surgical wound (most common place is abdomen due to high pressure with vomiting or coughing) or anastomosis (most common in bowels with infection)

59
Q

Hernia is?

A

Protrusion of a body part where it doesn’t belong

60
Q

Keloids are?

A

hypertrophic scar. Scar is actually still proliferating because fibroblasts are still present.

61
Q

Contracture is?

A

Abnormal excess wound contraction which results in deformity and loss of function. Common on hands feet and unfortunately, the penis.

62
Q

Fibrosis is?

A

Excessive interstitial collagen deposition. which inhibits function. Typically makes something stiff and immobile (too much collagen.)

Pathology Test 1 (7 decks)

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