Inflammation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are causes of inflammation?

A

Infection, necrosis, immune reaction, trauma, foreign bodies, and chemical/physical agents

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2
Q

Is inflammation specific?

A

Hell no.

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3
Q

Acute inflammation has a ______ onset and a _____ duration.

A

rapid, short.

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4
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signals of acute inflammation?

A

Heat, redness, pain, & swelling

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of inflammation?

A
Purulent (AKA suppurative) = pus
Abscessing (necrotizing)
Fibrinous
Serous
Granulomatous 

Or any combo

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6
Q

What are the 3 components to inflammation?

A

1: vascular response
2: leukocyte response
3: systemic response

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7
Q

What is the vascular response’s function?

A

Dilation, increased permeability, which pushes fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes from the blood into the extracellular space.

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8
Q

Fluid from acute inflammation can be thick or thin. What is it called if thin and acellular?

A

Transudate (serous)

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9
Q

Fluid from acute inflammation can be thick or thin. What is it called if thick and protein rich?

A

Exudate (fibrinous) : rich in protein, cell debris, and cells.

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10
Q

Purulent exudate is ____?

A

Pus

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11
Q

Purulent exudate contents?

A

Neutrophils, microbes, and cellular debris.

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12
Q

What do you do with pus? 2 things.

A

Recognize it. Then culture it.

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13
Q

What are the 4 most common systemic effects of acute inflammation?

A

Fever
Tachycardia
hyperventilation
Leukocytosis

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14
Q

With acute inflammation, several different proteins are upregulated while others are down played. Which one is particularly downregulated?

A

Albumin

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15
Q

Typically, increased neutrophilia is cause by what kind of infection?

A

Bacterial

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16
Q

Typically, increased lymphocytes is cause by what kind of infection?

A

Viral

17
Q

Typically, increased Eosinophils is cause by what kind of infection?

A

parasitic

18
Q

With severe acute inflammation, neutrophils develop unique features in their cytoplasm. They are? (2)

A

Dohl bodies: Sky blue patches which are ER

Toxic Granulations: associated with immature polys

19
Q

What is Sed rate?

A

Fibrinogen increased with inflammation makes RBC sticky which increases sed rate. It’s a measurement to test for inflammation/infection. However, poor sens/speci but cheap and used often.

20
Q

How does C-reactive protein help determine inflammation and infection?

A

CRP binds to bacteria and therefore proliferate with cytokine help. If infected with bacteria, 85-90% of the time, CRP levels will increase. ONLY BACTERIA!

21
Q

Systemic inflammation Response Syndrome (SIRS) has 4 qualifications. What are they and how many do you have to have in order to be Dx with SIRS.

A

Temp above or below: 100.4 (38)—(36) 96.8
Heart rate over 90
Resp rate over 20/min. OR pCO2 under 32mmhg
White blood over 12000 or under 4000 (or over 10% bands)

2 is considered SIRS

22
Q

Sepsis is?

A

SIRS due to infection

23
Q

Do you have to have a positive blood culture to have sepsis?

A

Absolutely not.

24
Q

What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Duration
Cell type
Exudate vs angiogenesis and scar
Abscess vs granuloma

25
Q

What 2 of the four cardinal inflamm responses does vasodilation bring about?

A

Redness and heat.

26
Q

What brings swelling?

A

Vascular permeability.

27
Q

What at the different types of vascular permeability?

A

Endothelial contraction.
Endothelial injury
Mac-induced end injury (chemokine)
Endothelial transcytosis. (VEGF)

28
Q

Endothelial contraction occurs immediately and continually. What mediates the immediate and chronic response?

A

Acute: histamine.
Continuous: IL1 & TNF (think fever)

29
Q

What are the sialyl Lewis receptors for selectins?

A

Platelet and endothelial selectins.

30
Q

What are L selectins for?

A

Leukocytes. Neuts and monos.

31
Q

ICAM and VCAM are on what cell?

A

Endothelial.

32
Q

VLA, LFA, and MAC1 are on what cell?

A

Leukocytes!

33
Q

What actually pulls the cell through the membrane? Last step of diapedesis?

A

PECAM or CD31

34
Q

What up regulates the adhesion molecules?

A

TNFa

IL1

35
Q

What are the opsinin Ig?

A

IgM

IgG (1,3)

36
Q

What is CXC? CC?

A

Attract neutrophils.

CC is everything else

37
Q

What’s NO do?

A

Dilation.

Shock

38
Q

What are the different types of NO and what do they do?

A

eNO: endothelial for dilation
iNO: macs for killing
nNO: neurons

39
Q

What’s TNFa do to the blood vessels?

A

Constrict.