Inflammation 1 Flashcards
What are causes of inflammation?
Infection, necrosis, immune reaction, trauma, foreign bodies, and chemical/physical agents
Is inflammation specific?
Hell no.
Acute inflammation has a ______ onset and a _____ duration.
rapid, short.
What are the 4 cardinal signals of acute inflammation?
Heat, redness, pain, & swelling
What are the 5 types of inflammation?
Purulent (AKA suppurative) = pus Abscessing (necrotizing) Fibrinous Serous Granulomatous
Or any combo
What are the 3 components to inflammation?
1: vascular response
2: leukocyte response
3: systemic response
What is the vascular response’s function?
Dilation, increased permeability, which pushes fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes from the blood into the extracellular space.
Fluid from acute inflammation can be thick or thin. What is it called if thin and acellular?
Transudate (serous)
Fluid from acute inflammation can be thick or thin. What is it called if thick and protein rich?
Exudate (fibrinous) : rich in protein, cell debris, and cells.
Purulent exudate is ____?
Pus
Purulent exudate contents?
Neutrophils, microbes, and cellular debris.
What do you do with pus? 2 things.
Recognize it. Then culture it.
What are the 4 most common systemic effects of acute inflammation?
Fever
Tachycardia
hyperventilation
Leukocytosis
With acute inflammation, several different proteins are upregulated while others are down played. Which one is particularly downregulated?
Albumin
Typically, increased neutrophilia is cause by what kind of infection?
Bacterial
Typically, increased lymphocytes is cause by what kind of infection?
Viral
Typically, increased Eosinophils is cause by what kind of infection?
parasitic
With severe acute inflammation, neutrophils develop unique features in their cytoplasm. They are? (2)
Dohl bodies: Sky blue patches which are ER
Toxic Granulations: associated with immature polys
What is Sed rate?
Fibrinogen increased with inflammation makes RBC sticky which increases sed rate. It’s a measurement to test for inflammation/infection. However, poor sens/speci but cheap and used often.
How does C-reactive protein help determine inflammation and infection?
CRP binds to bacteria and therefore proliferate with cytokine help. If infected with bacteria, 85-90% of the time, CRP levels will increase. ONLY BACTERIA!
Systemic inflammation Response Syndrome (SIRS) has 4 qualifications. What are they and how many do you have to have in order to be Dx with SIRS.
Temp above or below: 100.4 (38)—(36) 96.8
Heart rate over 90
Resp rate over 20/min. OR pCO2 under 32mmhg
White blood over 12000 or under 4000 (or over 10% bands)
2 is considered SIRS
Sepsis is?
SIRS due to infection
Do you have to have a positive blood culture to have sepsis?
Absolutely not.
What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?
Duration
Cell type
Exudate vs angiogenesis and scar
Abscess vs granuloma
What 2 of the four cardinal inflamm responses does vasodilation bring about?
Redness and heat.
What brings swelling?
Vascular permeability.
What at the different types of vascular permeability?
Endothelial contraction.
Endothelial injury
Mac-induced end injury (chemokine)
Endothelial transcytosis. (VEGF)
Endothelial contraction occurs immediately and continually. What mediates the immediate and chronic response?
Acute: histamine.
Continuous: IL1 & TNF (think fever)
What are the sialyl Lewis receptors for selectins?
Platelet and endothelial selectins.
What are L selectins for?
Leukocytes. Neuts and monos.
ICAM and VCAM are on what cell?
Endothelial.
VLA, LFA, and MAC1 are on what cell?
Leukocytes!
What actually pulls the cell through the membrane? Last step of diapedesis?
PECAM or CD31
What up regulates the adhesion molecules?
TNFa
IL1
What are the opsinin Ig?
IgM
IgG (1,3)
What is CXC? CC?
Attract neutrophils.
CC is everything else
What’s NO do?
Dilation.
Shock
What are the different types of NO and what do they do?
eNO: endothelial for dilation
iNO: macs for killing
nNO: neurons
What’s TNFa do to the blood vessels?
Constrict.
