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EXAM 2 > Render, Pharmacology + Lab values > Flashcards

Render, Pharmacology + Lab values Flashcards

1
Q

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

A

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.

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2
Q

PHARMACOKINETICS

A

Study of what the body does to the drug

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3
Q

PHARMACODYNAMICS

A

Study of what the drug does to the body

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4
Q

List drug names system

A

brand name, generic name, chemical name (NCLEX will have just generic)

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5
Q

Classification of drugs

A
  1. Its effect on the body
  2. chemical composition
  3. Therapeutic action
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6
Q

Drug as an agonist

A

Activate receptors ( turn on/ promote). This is pharmacodynamics.

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7
Q

Drug as an antagonist

A

Turn off/block. Inhibit receptors. This is pharmacodynamics.

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8
Q

Receptor Interaction

A

Pharmacodynamics. To take an effect on the body, the drug and the body’s receptor shape has to match, like a puzzle. Molecular shape matters. A drug-receptor interaction is formed. Result of the interaction depends on whether the drug is an agonist or antagonist.

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9
Q

Affinity

A

How well a drug and a receptor bind to each other.

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10
Q

List the process of pharmacokinetics

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Excretion
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11
Q

Absorption,

  • Describe
  • What drug admin skips this
A

Movement of a drug from site of administration to blood stream.
-Drugs delivered IV skip this bc delivered straight to the bloodstream.

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12
Q

Factors that affect absorption

A
  • Time of day
  • Age of patient
  • Drug pH, stomach might break it down to useless form, enteric coated to protect from the stomach’s acidity (take on empty stomach)
  • Decreased BV
  • Dehydration
  • Circulatory issues (Reduced blood flow to an area decreases absorption. e.g. Sepsis and exercise)
  • Lipid soluble drugs absorbed faster
  • Affected/ swollen area affect drug to bloodstream
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13
Q

Types of drug administration

A
  • Enteral (fast pass effect)
  • Sublingual/buccal (nitroglycerin)
  • Parenteral (we went over IM, Id, and SUB Q in lab)
  • Topical route (eyes, ear, vagina, skin, rectum)
  • Transdermal and inhaled)
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14
Q

Topical app produces…

long/short half life?

A

Topical application
delivers a uniform amount of drug over a longer period, but the effects of the drug are
usually slower in their onset and more prolonged in their duration of action as compared
with oral or parenteral administration. (long half life)

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15
Q

Distribution definition and pathway

A

-Process of drug travelling to the target site
-Travels first to sites of high blood delivery (brain, kidney, liver), then to less vascularized areas (skin, muscle, fat)
stomach–> SI–>liver
SI to liver thru diffusion

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16
Q

Liver’s effect on drug

A

Acts as a filter, inactivates meds
deactivate–> removes toxin–>reactivate med (significantly less bioavailable)
Metabolite (toxin) goes to kidney/GI (more polar/water soluble)

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17
Q

What can affect distribution

A

circulation (low BP)

-most vasc to less vas

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18
Q

Liver enz

A

AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
-Also found in heart
ALT(alanine aminotransferase)
-liver specific

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19
Q

AST level

-What does high level indicate?

A

Low okay

  • high level indicate liver or heart damage
  • Normal level:5 to 40
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20
Q

ALT

A

7 to 56

21
Q

Primary site of excretion

A

kidney

*****teach P to drink water to prevent toxicity

22
Q

Lab work to check Kidney func

A

BUN ( blood urea nitrogen)
creatinine
(both invite K+)

23
Q

creatinine
-normal level
-what does a high level indicate?
what does a low level indicate?

A

normal: 0.5 to 1.2mg/dL
high level could be impaired kidney function, CHF
shock, or dehydration
Low levels – diet low in protein, severe
liver disease, low muscle mass

24
Q

K+

A

3.5 to 5

25
Q

BUN

A

10 to 20mg/dL

>50mg/dL=poor liver fnc

26
Q

When to draw blood to check peak serum level of drug

A

1 to 1.5hr later

27
Q

When to draw blood to check trough serum level of drug

A

30 mins before the next dose

28
Q

How to check therapeutic levels of a drug

A

check peak and trough level

*****imp for drugs with low therapeutic index

29
Q

steady state

A

This is reached when drug amt eliminated= amt absorbed per dose
achieved after 4/5 half lives

30
Q

Steven Johnson effect

A

adverse effect

31
Q

Drug interaction types

A

additive: 1+1=2
synergistic: 1+1>2
antagonistic: 1+1<2

32
Q

Factors affecting drug action

A

-dev’l consideration—pregnant/fetus
-weight
culture-some won’t take blood infusion
gender
-genetic and cultural factors
psychological factors
env
-pathology

33
Q

Heparin

  • fnc of drug
  • How is it monitored
  • lab values to expect
A

blood thinner
-monitor with PTT
normal blood clot when not on med is 25 to 35secs
when on heparin: 46 to 70 secs
If low or normal while on Heparin increase the dose (goal is to prevent blood clot)

34
Q

protamine

-how is it delivered?

A

heparin antagonist

-delivered SUB Q IV

35
Q

Lovenox

  • Fnc of drug
  • How is it monitored?
A

blood thinner

monitor with platelet count

36
Q

platelet values and func

A

used for blood clotting

150k to 450k/uL

37
Q

Coumadin

  • How is it monitored?
  • Fnc
A

blood thinner

monitor w/PT (prothrombin) and INR

38
Q

PT

  • normal value
  • what to do if low or normal
  • what does result tell us
A

Tells us whether normal blood or not
not if to inc/dec coumadin
Normal= 9.5 to 13.5
If it is low or normal while on Coumadin
need to increase the dose
The higher the dose the thinner the blood

39
Q

INR

  • normal
  • lab value when on coumadin
  • higher #s seen in? what values will be seen?
A

tells us if to inc/dec coumadin
2-3 when on coumadin
normal: 0.8 to 1.2
3.0-4.5 Seen in clients with Valve replacements

40
Q

result of hyperkalemia

A 
Metabolic acidosis
*Dehydration
*Excess potassium intake
*Potassium sparing diuretics
*Tissue damage-Burns (K+
goes out of cell)
*Renal Failure
41
Q

result of hypokalemia

A 
N/V, loss of KCL, Diuretics
    Muscle Cramps, Dysthymias
------------------
Inadequate intake of K+
*ETOH abuse
*CHF/HTN
*GI Loss-V&D
*Renal Loss
*Diuretics-Loop: Furosemide
(Lasix)
Bumetadine (Bumex)
42
Q

Thrombocytopenia
-definition
-lab value
result?

A

platelet below 150,000

excessive bleeding, bruising

43
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

platelet count is above 450,000 Blood too thick

44
Q

When to hold lovenox

A

when platelet is less that 200

45
Q

Normal WBC count

A

4500 to 11k mm3

46
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb

A

13 to 17g/dL

47
Q

CAD

A

Coronary heart disease

48
Q

CHF

A

Congestive heart failure

EXAM 2 (5 decks)

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