Renal System (W8)

Question 1

What does a urinalysis do

Answer 1

Measures by products of normal metabolism, cells, cell fragments and bacteria

Question 2

What can a urinalysis be used to diagnose

Answer 2

Pregnancy, diabetes, UTI, kidney stones, cancer, liver disease

Question 3

An infection of the epididymis extending to a testicle is known as

Answer 3

Epididmyitis-orchitis

Question 4

Epididymitis can present similar to ___ and is therefore a medical emergency

Answer 4

Testicular torsion

Question 5

Prostate enlargement is also known as

Answer 5

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 6

Prostate enlargement may restrict flow of urine from the bladder, which can cause

Answer 6

Urinary frequency, incomplete bladder emptying, straining/decreased force of stream/dribbling

Question 7

Pelvic inflammatory disease can be described as

Answer 7

An infection of the female reproductive tract

Question 8

Pelvic inflammatory disease impacts mostly what organs

Answer 8

The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, though it can include peritoneum and intestines

Question 9

Endometritis is the

Answer 9

Infection of the uterine lining

Question 10

What is endometriosis

Answer 10

The condition where endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus

Question 11

What causes endometriosis

Answer 11

The tissue responding to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle

Question 12

Fluid filled pockets that develop in the ovaries are often known as

Answer 12

Ovarian cysts

Question 13

How are ovarian cysts created

Answer 13

When the egg leaves the ovary, when ruptured a small amount of blood leaks into the abdomen

Question 14

Interstitial cysts are a chronic condition characterized by

Answer 14

A chronically inflamed or irritated bowel wall

Question 15

Pain caused by interstitial cysts is described as

Answer 15

Mild to severe, and can mimic STIs or UTIs

Question 16

Acute kidney injury can be defined as

Answer 16

Toxic build up of waste products impairing kidney function

Question 17

Precipitous and significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (hours-days) can cause

Answer 17

AKI

Question 18

S/S of AKI

Answer 18

Decreased urine output, peripheral and central edema, SOB, confusion/altered LOA, nausea

Question 19

AKI susceptibilities

Answer 19

Elderly, diabetes, CKD, dehydration/volume depletion, chronic diseases, cancer, anemia

Question 20

Main pathogenesis of AKI

Answer 20

Decreased renal perfusion, hypoxic injury, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory filtration, formation of microthrombi, cytokine-induced injury, direct tubular injury, obstruction

Question 21

Prerenal causes of acute renal failure

Answer 21

Sudden and severe drop in BP or interruption of BF to the to the kidney (can be caused by injury or illness)

Question 22

Intrarenal causes of acute renal failure

Answer 22

Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation/toxins/drugs/infection/reduced blood supply

Question 23

Postrenal causes of acute renal failure

Answer 23

Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate/kidney stones/bladder tumour/injury

Question 24

Urinary tract infections occur when

Answer 24

Bacteria is in the presence of s/s

Question 25

If a male has a UTI where does the bacteria usually come from

Answer 25

Kidney, bladder, or ureter

Question 26

Why is it more common for women to have UTIs than men

Answer 26

Women have shorter ureters than men

Question 27

What is the most common bacteria that causes UTIs

Answer 27

Ecoli

Question 28

Common S/S of UTI

Answer 28

Dysuria, burning while peeing, polyuria or oliguria, cloudy urine/foul smelling

Question 29

Ascending UTI can be dangerous because it can cause

Answer 29

Pyelonephritis, present as flank pain, and frequently with sepsis symptoms

Question 30

Brown urine is likely a sign of

Answer 30

Proteins/breakdown

Question 31

Yellow urine is likely a sign of

Answer 31

Dehydration

Question 32

Bright urine is likely a sign of

Answer 32

Vitamins

Question 33

Hydronephrosis is the swelling of kidney due to

Answer 33

Urine build up

Question 34

What can cause hydronephrosis

Answer 34

Obstruction, UTI, blood clots

Question 35

who is urologic stone disease common in

Answer 35

Men 60+ due to enlarged prostate

Question 36

What is the most common cause of urologic stone disease

Answer 36

Renal calculi

Question 37

Spleen being ruptured can quickly cause

Answer 37

Shock, due to bleeding out into abdominal cavity

Question 38

What is testicular torsion

Answer 38

The twisting of the spermatic cord that provides blood to the testicles

Question 39

Males <25, mostly 12-18, are at risk of

Answer 39

Testicular torsion

Question 40

What is chronic kidney disease characterized by

Answer 40

Inadequate kidney function

Question 41

What causes chronic kidney disease

Answer 41

Permanent loss of nephrons

Question 42

S/S of CKD

Answer 42

Lethargy, anorexia, N/V, thirst, altered LOA, pale, cool, diaphoretic, anemia, uremia, jaundice, HTN, CAD, DM

Question 43

What diabetes is autoimmune, absolute or relative deficiency in insulin

Answer 43

Diabetes 1

Question 44

When is the rough age range for T1DM diagnosis

Answer 44

4-7, 10-14

Question 45

What types of diabetes is the partial destruction of insulin-producing islet cells or, the decreased cellular response to insulin

Answer 45

Type 2 diabetes

Question 46

Long term complications of diabetes

Answer 46

Retinopathy, cataracts, HTN, progressive renal failure, CAD, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, increased infection risk

Question 47

What is the rare catecholamine secreting tumour (on adrenal glands)

Answer 47

Pheochromocytoma

Question 48

Why is glucagon contraindicated with pheochromocytoma

Answer 48

It may worsen hyperglycemia/cause a HTN crisis or stroke

Question 49

Insulinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumour that is derived from where

Answer 49

One of the pancreatic islet cells that produce excessive amounts of insulin

Question 50

What can insulinoma cause

Answer 50

CNS dysfunction (related to hypoglycemia) ie confusion, anxiety, stupor, convulsions, coma

Question 51

Why does hypoglycemia require prompt intervention

Answer 51

To prevent brain injury

Question 52

S/S of hypoglycemia

Answer 52

Confusion, agitation, coma, seizures, diaphoresis

Question 53

Pt must be how old to give glucagon nasal powder

Answer 53

4 years

Question 54

You can discharge you pt if all of the below applies to them

Answer 54

18-65 y/o, are diagnosed w diabetes, hypoglycemia responded with single dose any tx method, this was a single episode in last 24hr, all vitals are in normal ranges, it was not an intentional event, hypoglycemia is not related to withdrawals, a responsible adult agrees to stay w them for the next 4hrs, care plan was developed, discharge is consented

Question 55

What is the pathophysiology behind DKA

Answer 55

Cells are not using the glucose for energy, fat and protein are broken down because the body feels starved, as a result ketones make the blood acidic

Question 56

What does HHS cause

Answer 56

Severe dehydration after a period of hyperglycemia

Question 57

What is one dehydrated after a period of hyperglycemia in HHS

Answer 57

Not enough fluids have been taken to offset the hyperosmolar state and osmotic diuresis

Question 58

HHS is more common in T2DM, what are the S/S

Answer 58

Slower onset than DKA/higher mortality, same S/S as DKA + hemiplegia and focused/generalized seizures

Question 59

Hyperglycemia causes a fluid shift (and ultimately loss) resulting in what

Answer 59

Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia, which can result in arrhythmias

Question 60

If someone has a decreased ADH secretion, (or decreased response in the kidneys to the hormone) how will their body be affected

Answer 60

Poor water retention, leading to dehydration

Question 61

What is characterized by issues with ADH

Answer 61

Diabetes insipidous

Question 62

S/S of diabetes insipidous

Answer 62

Dry mucous membranes, 3Ps, fever