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Patient Care Theory (Sem 2) > Renal System (W8) > Flashcards

Renal System (W8) Flashcards

1
Q

What does a urinalysis do

A

Measures by products of normal metabolism, cells, cell fragments and bacteria

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2
Q

What can a urinalysis be used to diagnose

A

Pregnancy, diabetes, UTI, kidney stones, cancer, liver disease

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3
Q

An infection of the epididymis extending to a testicle is known as

A

Epididmyitis-orchitis

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4
Q

Epididymitis can present similar to ___ and is therefore a medical emergency

A

Testicular torsion

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5
Q

Prostate enlargement is also known as

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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6
Q

Prostate enlargement may restrict flow of urine from the bladder, which can cause

A

Urinary frequency, incomplete bladder emptying, straining/decreased force of stream/dribbling

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7
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease can be described as

A

An infection of the female reproductive tract

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8
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease impacts mostly what organs

A

The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, though it can include peritoneum and intestines

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9
Q

Endometritis is the

A

Infection of the uterine lining

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10
Q

What is endometriosis

A

The condition where endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus

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11
Q

What causes endometriosis

A

The tissue responding to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle

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12
Q

Fluid filled pockets that develop in the ovaries are often known as

A

Ovarian cysts

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13
Q

How are ovarian cysts created

A

When the egg leaves the ovary, when ruptured a small amount of blood leaks into the abdomen

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14
Q

Interstitial cysts are a chronic condition characterized by

A

A chronically inflamed or irritated bowel wall

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15
Q

Pain caused by interstitial cysts is described as

A

Mild to severe, and can mimic STIs or UTIs

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16
Q

Acute kidney injury can be defined as

A

Toxic build up of waste products impairing kidney function

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17
Q

Precipitous and significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (hours-days) can cause

A

AKI

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18
Q

S/S of AKI

A

Decreased urine output, peripheral and central edema, SOB, confusion/altered LOA, nausea

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19
Q

AKI susceptibilities

A

Elderly, diabetes, CKD, dehydration/volume depletion, chronic diseases, cancer, anemia

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20
Q

Main pathogenesis of AKI

A

Decreased renal perfusion, hypoxic injury, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammatory filtration, formation of microthrombi, cytokine-induced injury, direct tubular injury, obstruction

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21
Q

Prerenal causes of acute renal failure

A

Sudden and severe drop in BP or interruption of BF to the to the kidney (can be caused by injury or illness)

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22
Q

Intrarenal causes of acute renal failure

A

Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation/toxins/drugs/infection/reduced blood supply

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23
Q

Postrenal causes of acute renal failure

A

Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate/kidney stones/bladder tumour/injury

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24
Q

Urinary tract infections occur when

A

Bacteria is in the presence of s/s

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25
Q

If a male has a UTI where does the bacteria usually come from

A

Kidney, bladder, or ureter

26
Q

Why is it more common for women to have UTIs than men

A

Women have shorter ureters than men

27
Q

What is the most common bacteria that causes UTIs

A

Ecoli

28
Q

Common S/S of UTI

A

Dysuria, burning while peeing, polyuria or oliguria, cloudy urine/foul smelling

29
Q

Ascending UTI can be dangerous because it can cause

A

Pyelonephritis, present as flank pain, and frequently with sepsis symptoms

30
Q

Brown urine is likely a sign of

A

Proteins/breakdown

31
Q

Yellow urine is likely a sign of

A

Dehydration

32
Q

Bright urine is likely a sign of

A

Vitamins

33
Q

Hydronephrosis is the swelling of kidney due to

A

Urine build up

34
Q

What can cause hydronephrosis

A

Obstruction, UTI, blood clots

35
Q

who is urologic stone disease common in

A

Men 60+ due to enlarged prostate

36
Q

What is the most common cause of urologic stone disease

A

Renal calculi

37
Q

Spleen being ruptured can quickly cause

A

Shock, due to bleeding out into abdominal cavity

38
Q

What is testicular torsion

A

The twisting of the spermatic cord that provides blood to the testicles

39
Q

Males <25, mostly 12-18, are at risk of

A

Testicular torsion

40
Q

What is chronic kidney disease characterized by

A

Inadequate kidney function

41
Q

What causes chronic kidney disease

A

Permanent loss of nephrons

42
Q

S/S of CKD

A

Lethargy, anorexia, N/V, thirst, altered LOA, pale, cool, diaphoretic, anemia, uremia, jaundice, HTN, CAD, DM

43
Q

What diabetes is autoimmune, absolute or relative deficiency in insulin

A

Diabetes 1

44
Q

When is the rough age range for T1DM diagnosis

A

4-7, 10-14

45
Q

What types of diabetes is the partial destruction of insulin-producing islet cells or, the decreased cellular response to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

46
Q

Long term complications of diabetes

A

Retinopathy, cataracts, HTN, progressive renal failure, CAD, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, increased infection risk

47
Q

What is the rare catecholamine secreting tumour (on adrenal glands)

A

Pheochromocytoma

48
Q

Why is glucagon contraindicated with pheochromocytoma

A

It may worsen hyperglycemia/cause a HTN crisis or stroke

49
Q

Insulinoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumour that is derived from where

A

One of the pancreatic islet cells that produce excessive amounts of insulin

50
Q

What can insulinoma cause

A

CNS dysfunction (related to hypoglycemia) ie confusion, anxiety, stupor, convulsions, coma

51
Q

Why does hypoglycemia require prompt intervention

A

To prevent brain injury

52
Q

S/S of hypoglycemia

A

Confusion, agitation, coma, seizures, diaphoresis

53
Q

Pt must be how old to give glucagon nasal powder

A

4 years

54
Q

You can discharge you pt if all of the below applies to them

A

18-65 y/o, are diagnosed w diabetes, hypoglycemia responded with single dose any tx method, this was a single episode in last 24hr, all vitals are in normal ranges, it was not an intentional event, hypoglycemia is not related to withdrawals, a responsible adult agrees to stay w them for the next 4hrs, care plan was developed, discharge is consented

55
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind DKA

A

Cells are not using the glucose for energy, fat and protein are broken down because the body feels starved, as a result ketones make the blood acidic

56
Q

What does HHS cause

A

Severe dehydration after a period of hyperglycemia

57
Q

What is one dehydrated after a period of hyperglycemia in HHS

A

Not enough fluids have been taken to offset the hyperosmolar state and osmotic diuresis

58
Q

HHS is more common in T2DM, what are the S/S

A

Slower onset than DKA/higher mortality, same S/S as DKA + hemiplegia and focused/generalized seizures

59
Q

Hyperglycemia causes a fluid shift (and ultimately loss) resulting in what

A

Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia, which can result in arrhythmias

60
Q

If someone has a decreased ADH secretion, (or decreased response in the kidneys to the hormone) how will their body be affected

A

Poor water retention, leading to dehydration

61
Q

What is characterized by issues with ADH

A

Diabetes insipidous

62
Q

S/S of diabetes insipidous

A

Dry mucous membranes, 3Ps, fever

Patient Care Theory (Sem 2) (10 decks)

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