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Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) > Renal System (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Renal System (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

What does glomerular filtration mean?

A

filtration of plasma from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space

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2
Q

What does tubular secretion mean?

A

direction of movement is from medulla interstitial fluid into tubule lumen

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3
Q

What does tubular reabsorption mean?

A

direction of movement is from tubule lumen into medulla interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What is normally filtered?

A

plasma

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5
Q

What is not normally filtered?

A

blood cells and negatively charged proteins

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6
Q

What is the function of vasopressin/antidiuretic hormones in the formation of urine?

A

increase the permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts to water

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7
Q

What is the Vasa Recta?

A

capillary blood vessels that form loops parallel to the loop of Henle in the renal medulla that minimizes the washout of the hyperosomotic medulla

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8
Q

Function of the kidneys?

A

filter the plasma and form urine

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9
Q

Function of the ureters?

A

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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10
Q

Function of the bladder?

A

stores urine

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11
Q

Function of the urethra?

A

excretes urine from bladder to outside of the body

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12
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

the capillary network for filtration plasma

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13
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule?

A

receives filtered plasma for entry into renal tubules

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14
Q

What are nephrons?

A

subunits of the kidney consisting of renal corpuscle and tubules

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15
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

volume of plasma filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowman’s space per unit time (ie: mL/min)

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16
Q

What is the efferent arteriole?

A

renal vessel that brings blood from glomerulus to vasa recta

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17
Q

What is filtrate?

A

ultrafiltrate of plasma produced in the glomerulus from the renal arteries that is usually free of cells and large proteins

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18
Q

What effect would increasing the arterial pressure have on glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (P-GC) and GFR?

A

the P-GC and GFR will increase

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19
Q

How is the secretion of ADH affected when there is excess water in the body?

A

decreases the production of ADH so that there is little water being reabsorbed into the distal tubule and collecting ducts

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20
Q

What is the afferent arteriole?

A

vessels in kidney that carries blood from artery to glomerulus

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21
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

combination of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

Where is the vasa recta placed in relation to the nephron?

A

very close to the juxtamedullary nephrons

23
Q

What does juxtamedullary mean?

A

in between the cortical (outer) and medulla (inner) side of the kidney

24
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier?

A

mechanism that uses energy to create a concentration gradient

25
Q

Purpose of countercurrent multiplier?

A

make medullary interstitial fluid hyperosmotic in order to create urine

26
Q

What is the proximal tubule do?

A

drains the Bowman’s capsule

27
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tube do?

A

right after the renal corpuscle and takes part in the reabsorption/secretion of ions and molecules – reabsorbs ions and molecules like glucose our body needs from the tubules

28
Q

What does the descending loop of Henle do?

A

ONLY permeable to water – reabsorbs water due to high-salt concentration gradient of medulla

29
Q

What does the ascending loop of Henle do?

A

permeable to salts to pump it out into interstitial space of medulla tissues – reabsorbs salt

30
Q

What is the function of the distal convoluted tube?

A

reabsorbs more salt and secretes ammonia, some water and potassium

31
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A

runs back into the medulla to filter out more water and salts to keep in the body, sometimes urea is also reabsorbed into the medulla

32
Q

What is the medulla connected to in the kidney?

A

the renal pelvis

33
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

funnel-shaped tubes composed of smooth muscle where the collecting ducts all connect for urine to flow into the bladder via ureters

34
Q

Purpose of the loop of Henle

A

drive reabsorption of water by creating a salt concentration gradient in the tissues of the medulla

35
Q

How does the loop of Henle create a salt concentration gradient to drive the reabsorption of water?

A

actively pumps out salts in the ascending limb in order to create a salty interstitial fluid in the medulla so that water from the next filtrate can be pumped into the interstitial fluid in the descending limb

36
Q

What are the cortical nephrons?

A

same as juxtamedullar nephrons but have a mini version of loop of Henle which does not penetrate deep into medulla

37
Q

How are cortical nephrons different than juxtamedullar nephrons?

A

does not contribute to the hypertonic medullary interstitium but still involved in reabsorption/secretion

38
Q

What does osmotic pressure mean?

A

-

39
Q

How is water moved around?

A

-

40
Q

How is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) affected if the smooth muscle on the afferent arteriole contracts (constricted) and the efferent arteriole is dilated? How does this affect the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (P-GC)?

A

the GFR decreases as well as the P-GC

41
Q

How is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) affected if the smooth muscle on the afferent arteriole dilates and the efferent arteriole contracts (constricted)? How does this affect the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (P-GC)?

A

the GFR increases as well as the P-GC

42
Q

What kinds of controls exist for regulating the GFR?

A

myogenic (intrinsic), tubuloglomerular feedback (intrinsic), mesangial cell contraction (intrinsic), sympathetic nerves (extrinsic)

43
Q

What are the two keys to form a concentrated urine?

A

high level of ADH to increase water reabsorption and a high osmolarity of the medullary interstitial fluid

44
Q

What does osmolarity mean?

A

concentration of solutes in the solution (salts in water basically)

45
Q

What is myogenic regulation of the GFR?

A

increase of mean arterial pressure causes smooth muscle of afferent arterioles contract in response to stretch

46
Q

What is tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of the GFR?

A

paracrine secretion from distal tube cells into mesangial cells of renal corpuscle due to an increase of flow through glomerulus = causes afferent arterioles to contract

47
Q

What are the mesangial cells?

A

modified smooth muscle cells

48
Q

What is mesangial cell contraction regulation of the GFR?

A

reduces surface area of glomerular capillaries = decrease in GFR

49
Q

How will a hemorrhage affect glomerular filtration pressure?

A

hemorrhage decreases mean arterial pressure = decreases glomerular filtration pressure

50
Q

How will the efferent and afferent arterioles be affected when there is an increase in sympathetic nervous activity?

A

efferent and afferent arterioles will constrict = renal blood flow decreases = GFR decreases

51
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

water channels on a membrane

52
Q

How will an increase in vasopressin/ADH increase water permeability of collecting duct cells?

A

vasopressin/ADH catalyze a cascade that leads to an increase of presence of aquaporins on the membrane surface of the tubular lumen = water from lumen to medullar interstitial fluid

53
Q

How does the renal respond to acidosis?

A

urine is highly acidic – more new HCO3- added into blood = increases plasma bicarbonate

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) (11 decks)

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