Chapter 13 (Midterm 2) Flashcards
What are the upper airways (that including those in the neck and head)
nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, glottis, epiglottis,
What is the pharynx?
passage for air and food
What is the larynx?
passage for air
What is the glottis?
opening of the larynx
What is the epiglottis?
flap that prevents food from entering the glottis
Where are vocal chords located?
in the larynx
What does the thoracic cavity consist of?
lung, pleural sac, diaphragm
What are pleural sacs?
like a fluid-filled balloon wrapped around the lungs
What is the trachea?
a long tube the larynx opens into
What are the bronchi?
the two bronchi the trachea branched into
What do the bronchi branch out as?
bronchioles
What do the bronchioles branch out as?
terminal bronchioles
What branches are part of the conducting zone?
trachea –> terminal bronchioles
What branches are part of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles –> aveolar sacs
What do the terminal bronchioles branch out as?
respiratory bronchioles
What do the respiratory bronchioles branch out as?
alveolar ducts
What do the alveolar ducts branch out as?
alveolar sacs
What are alveoli?
air-filled sacs
What is the function of alveoli?
sites of gas exchange with blood
What are type I alveolar cells?
continuous layer of one-cell thick flat epithelial cells
What are type II alveolar cells?
thicker specialized and interspersed cells
What are the branches wrapped in?
smooth muscle (for contraction)
What is the pleural sac filled with?
intrapleural fluid
What is bulk flow?
the process of rapidly moving materials over a large distance using a pressure source (heart)
What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)
the pressure in the pleural cavity that fluctuates with breathing
What type of pressure must intrapleural pressure stay at?
always negative
What may happen if fluid accumulates in the intrapleural cavity?
positive Pip pressure develops and lung may collapse
What is transpulmonary pressure?
pressure that keeps lung spaces open and prevents lungs from collapsing
What is the effect of a greater transpulmonary pressure?
larger lungs will be
In what other cases will the lung collapse?
IF Pip = Patm; Pip = Ppul; +Pip
What is minute ventilation?
total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system per minute
What does minute ventilation not tell you?
how much air entered the respiratory zone
What is alveolar ventilation?
volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute
What is hypoventilation?
an increase in alveolar CO2 pressure, disease that prevents normal elimination of CO2
What is hyperventilation?
decrease in alveolar CO2 pressure
How is O2 transported?
through hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 transported?
as bicarbonate, can bind to Hb as dissolved CO2
Is O2 dissolved?
yes
Is CO2 dissolved?
not all of it
Where can O2 be stored?
lungs and organs
Where can CO2 be stored?
in capillaries as bicarbonate
What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?
converts CO2 into bicarbonate and maintains blood pH
How does the body deal with the additional acid produced?
deO2 Hb picks it up = HbH and it will combine with HCO3(2) to make H2O
Which is more acidic? Venous or arterial blood?
venous
What is respiratory acidosis and what is it caused by?
arterial [H+] increases as well as (P)CO2 due to hypoventilation
What is respiratory alkalosis and what is it caused by?
significant decrease of [H+] and (P)CO2 due to hyperventilation
What is ventilation?
the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli
How does hypoventilation affect alveolar ventilation?
amount of CO2 being produced is faster than the alveolar ventilation pace
How does hyperventilation affect alveolar ventilation?
alveolar ventilation pace is faster than the amount of CO2 being produced
What is the two components of the medullary respiratory center?
the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
What is the dorsal respiratory group?
neurons in the medulla that fire during inspiration
What is the ventral respiratory group?
neurons in the medulla that fire during inspiration and also contain expiratory neurons
What is the function of the medullary respiratory center?
controls the neural activity of the neurons in the respiratory muscles
What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?
set basal respiratory rate, controls rhythm of ventilation
When are expiratory neurons activated?
during exercise
What does the ventral respiratory group consist of?
respiratory rhythm generator
What is the pre-Bötzinger complex?
neurons where the respiratory rhythm generator is located
What does the rhythm generator complex composed of?
pacemaker cells and complex neural network
When would you need the expiratory neurons to work the most?
during large increases of ventilation such as during strenuous physical activity
What is ramp? (in terms of inspiration)
the steady increase of the frequency of action potentials in quiet breathing
What are the phrenic nerves?
main motor nerves innervating the diaphragm, providing the impulses to inspire
What is vital capacity?
max volume of air a person can expire after a maximal inspiration
What is the tidal volume?
volume of air entering lungs during a single inspiration
What is the inspiratory reserve volume?
max amount of air that can be increased above tidal volume during deepest inspiration
What is the expiratory reserve volume?
additional expired volume
