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Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) > Chapter 12 (Midterm 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 (Midterm 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have more myocardium tissue than the right side?

A

it needs more pressure to move blood throughout the body and maintains the same flow rate as the right side

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2
Q

What differentiates the arterioles from the other microcirculation vessels?

A

covered in smooth muscle cells = regulates pressure and controls where blood flows

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3
Q

What differentiates the venules from the other microcirculation vessels?

A

covered in of connective tissue = can stretch more

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4
Q

What differentiates the capillaries from the other microcirculation vessels?

A

purely consists of endothelial cells = site of exchange

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5
Q

What are the two advantages of parallel blood flow?

A

allows the control of blood flow to each organ, deO2 blood/waste are not traveling from one organ to another

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6
Q

What is the importance of parallel blood flow?

A

to make sure that each of the peripheral organs and tissues receives only a fraction of the blood pumped by the left ventricle

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7
Q

What drives blood flow?

A

resistance from the vessels and the pressure from the heart

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8
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

pressure exerted by any fluid

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9
Q

What is resistance (R) to flow?

A

how hard it is for blood to flow between two points at any given pressure difference

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10
Q

What is resistance controlled by?

A

the vessels

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11
Q

What is pressure controlled by?

A

the heart

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12
Q

What is the equation for blood flow?

A

the difference in high and low pressure (from the heart) divided by the resistance (from the vessels)

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13
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

middle layer of the heart muscle

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14
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

cardiac muscle and forms the bulk of the heart mass

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15
Q

What is the function of myocardium?

A

the layer of the heart that contracts = generates force to pump blood out of the heart

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16
Q

What are the important features of cardiac muscles that are unique?

A

many large mitochondria, high resistance to fatigue, few wide T-tubules, no triads

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17
Q

What is the advantage of having a high resistance to fatigue for cardiac muscles?

A

no relaxation stage = constant beating

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18
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

connecting junctions between cardiac cells

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19
Q

What do intercalated discs contain?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

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20
Q

What is an advantage of having an increased number of desmosomes?

A

heart increases in surface area

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21
Q

What is the function of desmosomes?

A

holds the cardiac cells together and prevents them from separating during contraction = allows for a unison beating

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22
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

allows ions to pass from electrically coupled adjacent cells

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23
Q

What does functional syncytium mean?

A

to be a single coordinated unit

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24
Q

What allows the heart to be a functional syncytium?

A

gap junctions

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25
Q

What is the purpose of functional syncytium for a heart?

A

allows for even blood flow

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26
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

a small group of conducting cells

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27
Q

What is the pacemaker for the entire heart?

A

the SA node

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28
Q

What determines heart rate?

A

the discharge rate of action potentials released from the SA node

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29
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

the link between the atrial and ventricular depolarization

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30
Q

What does laminar flow mean?

A

normal blood flow through the valves and vessels, makes no sound

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31
Q

What does a stenotic valve mean?

A

a narrowed valve, doesn’t fully open

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32
Q

What is an insufficient valve?

A

a leaky valve that can cause backflow

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33
Q

What does a stenotic or insufficient valve indicate?

A

turbulent flow

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34
Q

How can a doctor diagnose a patient whose blood flow is turbulent?

A

listen for a heart murmur

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35
Q

What is the internodal pathway?

A

low resistance conducting-cell pathway connecting the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart

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36
Q

Where in the heart does the action potential must pass through for contraction to begin?

A

the apex (apex means bottom)

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37
Q

What are the bundle of His?

A

conducting system fibers, also known as AV bundle

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38
Q

What are the left and right bundle fibers?

A

conducting fibers that separate at the bottom (apex) of the heart and enter through the walls of both ventricles

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39
Q

What are the Purkinje fibers?

A

large-diameter conducting cells that rapidly transmits the impulse through the ventricles

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40
Q

What ions are permeable to the plasma membrane of myocardial cells?

A

K, Na, and Ca(21)

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41
Q

What is different between skeletal and cardiac muscles cells in terms of calcium permeability?

A

cardiac muscle is more permeable to calcium than skeletal muscle is

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42
Q

What type of calcium channels does cardiac muscle use?

A

L-type Ca2+ channels

43
Q

What is the unique about the specialized calcium channel?

A

opens slower than Na+ channels do but remain open for a prolonged period

44
Q

What is the purpose of the specialized calcium channel?

A

maintains the depolarization of the membrane and creating a balance between the potassium going out and calcium flowing in

45
Q

What are the four ion channels that contribute to the pacemaker potential?

A

potassium, F-Type (Na+) channels and T-type Ca2+, and L-type Ca2+ channel

46
Q

What are F-type channels?

A

“funny” sodium conducting channel mainly responsible for the inward flow of positive current in autorhythmic cardiac cells

47
Q

What are T-type Ca2+ channels?

A

open temporarily (T) but contributes to the inward movement of Ca2+ ions and acts as a final depolarizing boost to the pacemaker potential

48
Q

What are the only electrical connections between the atria and ventricles?

A

AV node and Bundle of His

49
Q

How do the Purkinje fibers help prevent backflow?

A

must transmit action potentials to the papillary muscles in order to contract before the rest of the ventricle contracts

50
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood heart fills per contraction

51
Q

Are there any electrical events during the period of isovolumic relaxation?

A

No, this phase is in between heartbeats

52
Q

What are arrhythmias?

A

uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions

53
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

a rapid irregular heartbeat where the SA node no longer controls the heart rate

54
Q

What is defibrillation?

A

the procedure in which an electrical current passes through the heart to try to stop the fibrillation

55
Q

Why do we have a plateau phase in some action potentials? (between cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells)

A

cardiomyocytes need that plateau phase in its APs to maintain depolarization

56
Q

What role does calcium play?

A

maintains depolarization and increases frequency of action potentials

57
Q

What is the electrocardiogram (EKG)?

A

tool for evaluating the electrical events that happen within the heart

58
Q

What causes a P wave on an EKG?

A

atrial depolarization

59
Q

What causes the QRS complex in an EKG?

A

ventricular depolarization

60
Q

What causes a T wave in an EKG?

A

ventricular repolarization

61
Q

Why isn’t there a wave for atrial repolarization?

A

it occurs at the same time as the QRS complex

62
Q

What is an ectopic pacemaker?

A

controls ventricular contraction at a different rhythm

63
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

64
Q

What are the Frank-starling forces?

A

relationship between the end-of-diastole volume and stroke volume

65
Q

What is end-diastole volume?

A

the blood returned from the venous vessels || also called venous return

66
Q

What is end-of diastole pressure?

A

the preload

67
Q

How can venous return increase?

A

when there is an increase in the blood flow through peripheral organs to veins

68
Q

What is arterial pressure?

A

the afterload that affects stroke volume

69
Q

What is hypertension?

A

a high pressure in the arteries decreases stroke volume

70
Q

What causes high blood pressure?

A

capillary damage due to clotting at the capillaries

71
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

force exerted by the blood against the vessel wall

72
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

average pressure during the cardiac cycle

73
Q

How is blood returned to the heart?

A

increase in arterial pressure = increase pressure gradient throughout vasculature = increase blood flow (venous return)

74
Q

How does an increase in resistance affect blood flow?

A

decreases blood flow

75
Q

What is the major factor in determining the resistance of a vessel?

A

the diameter of the vessel

76
Q

How does the structure of veins make blood being returned to the heart possible?

A

arteries are thick, muscular highly elastic = can change diameter and control pressure

77
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

receptors that sense arterial pressure and use negative feedback to keep MAP at set point

78
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

aorta and carotid arteries

79
Q

What controls the blood flow to the organs?

A

arteriolar resistance

80
Q

What is the driving force of venous return to the heart?

A

pressure gradient between peripherial veins and the right atrium

81
Q

How does the body control which organs will receive blood?

A

through arteriolar dilation or contraction

82
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle in the control of blood flow to organs?

A

responsible for contracting to make arterioles contract

83
Q

What are the two horomonal receptors on the smooth muscles of arterioles?

A

alpha and beta-2

84
Q

What effect does the beta-2 receptor have on blood flow to organ? Which organs does it work prevalently at?

A

increases flow to organ; skeletal muscles, brain, heart and lungs

85
Q

What effect does the alpha receptor have on blood flow to organ? Which organs does it work prevalently at?

A

decreases flow to organ; GI tract and kidneys

86
Q

What else contributes to the return of blood to the heart?

A

skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

87
Q

What is a skeletal muscle pump?

A

(during muscle contraction) venous diameter decreases = increase venous pressure = force flow of blood to heart

88
Q

In skeletal muscle pumps, why does the pressure only force the flow of blood to the heart? What prevents the backflow?

A

the decrease in venous pressure forces the valves in the veins to close = prevents backflow due to the veins’ one-way valves

89
Q

What makes venous return unique since it is a low pressure difference system?

A

one-way valves, the skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps

90
Q

What are one-way valves?

A

valves are curved in a way that when it opens, material only flows one way; what they look like: closed valve = (JL) | open valve = (J L)

91
Q

What is the respiratory pump?

A

venous return is enhanced via inspiration; increases the pressure differences between the peripheral veins and the heart

92
Q

What is the role of sodium channels in setting the heart rate?

A

helps depolarize the membrane potential as it only opens when membrane potential is negative

93
Q

What can change the heart rate in terms of the SA node?

A

PNS signalling of APs

94
Q

How does the SA node work as a pacemaker?

A

the one that initiates the APs for the heart to contract

95
Q

What role does the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system have in the changes of total peripheral resistance?

A

can adjust all arteriole resistance by affect changes to their diameter and size, etc.

96
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

all of the internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach, intestine, liver, kidneys, heart, etc.

97
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

98
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

fight/flight response - prepares body for intense physical activity

99
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

relaxes body, inhibits/slows high energy functions

100
Q

In terms of the Frank-Starling Mechanism, how does it affect the quantity of blood the heart moves and the pressure generated?

A

an increase in amount of blood heart moves = increase in Frank-starling = increase contraction = increase in pressure generated

101
Q

In terms of the Frank-Starling Mechanism, what will the cardiac muscles do if the stroke volume and the end-diastole volume both increase?

A

muscle will contract

102
Q

In terms of the Frank-Starling Mechanism, what will the cardiac muscles do if the stroke volume and the end-diastole volume both decrease?

A

muscle will relax

103
Q

In terms of the Frank-Starling Mechanism, what is the affect if the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

heart rate will increase = increase heart contraction = increase in blood volume heart moves = increase in pressure

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) (11 decks)

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