renal system and osmoregulation

Question 1

what is the smallest functional unit of the kidney

Answer 1

a nephron

Question 2

this system is essential for osmoregulation (maintaining the balance of water retention and ion/metabolite concentrations in the blood and other bodily fluids)

Answer 2

the renal (excretory system)

Question 3

the renal system also helps to:

Answer 3

1. maintain blood and plasma volumes
2. remove toxins
3. produce and secrete peripheral hormones such as renin and erythropoietin

Question 4

this is a protein that assists in the production of RBCs in response to cell loss or damage

Answer 4

erythropoietin

Question 5

an enzyme that participates in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 5

renin

Question 6

what are the major anatomy of the renal system

Answer 6

kidneys, ureter,urinary bladder, urethra

Question 7

optimal filtration of the blood requires ___ kidneys but 1 will work

Answer 7

2

Question 8

the ____ ____ gives the kidney blood and the blood leaves through the _____ _____

Answer 8

renal artery, renal vein

Question 9

how many ureters (pathways from kidney to bladder) are there in the body

Answer 9

2- 1 for each kidney

Question 10

common condition that is painful and can create stones made of calcium, uric acid, cystine, or struvite

Answer 10

kidney stones

Question 11

different composition of kidney stones indicate the cause, list causes for 4 possible types

Answer 11

1. calcium- most common, from excessive oxalate, phosphate and/or calcium in the blood
2. cystine-most rare, genetic condition
3. struvite- UTIs
4. uric acid- high protein diet

Question 12

the ______ is the site of blood filtration in each kidney and there are about 1 million in each kidney

Answer 12

nephron

Question 13

water and small solutes that exit the blood to move through the nephron to become urine are also known as

Answer 13

tubular fluid

Question 14

list the 4 stages that happen in the nephron and loop of henle

Answer 14

1. filtration-small solutes and water exit glomerular capillaries into bowman’s capsule
2. reabsorption-99% of water reabsorbed back in Descending limb
3. secretion-ions like NaCl are first passively then actively transported out of the ascending limb
4. excretion-final active transport of water via aquaporins out of collecting duct

Question 15

in most cases (with very few rare exceptions) material only enters the nephron at the glomerulus and from then on material exits, nothing enters

Answer 15

true

Question 16

the nephron is a _____-______ multiplier

Answer 16

counter-current-different parts work to power filtration using gradients

Question 17

what are the two protein channels/integral proteins to know that are involved with the nephron

Answer 17

1. sodium-potassium pumps (ATPases)
2. aquaporins

Question 18

this integral protein requires ATP hydrolysis to actively transport 3 sodium ions for every 2 potassium ions, against their concentration gradient, in the nephron

Answer 18

sodium-potassium pump/ATPase

Question 19

where are sodium-potassium ATPases found in the nephron

Answer 19

The PCT (part before descending limb), thick part of ascending limb (TAL) and the collecting duct

Question 20

these proteins/protein channels facilitate osmosis of water as a result of active transport of ions in the nephron

Answer 20

aquaporins

Question 21

where aquaporins found in the nephron

Answer 21

mostly in the collecting duct but can also be found in the DCT(part after the ascending limb) and the thick part of the ascending limb (TAL)

Question 22

list the primary nitrogenous wastes of different life on earth

Answer 22

ammonia-aquatic animals
urea-terrestrial and aquatic mammals
uric acid- birds, reptiles, insects

Question 23

what nitrogenous waste do humans produce

Answer 23

can produce uric acid but it is an intermediate for the final product which is urea

Question 24

this branch of the nervous ANS serves to relax the muscles of the bladder so it can become full and closes the internal (smooth muscle) sphincter

Answer 24

sympathetic: body alert and holding it

Question 25

this branch of the ANS serves to constrict the bladder to allow for urination and relaxes both internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle) sphincters

Answer 25

parasympathetic: body at rest and ready to pee

Question 26

this branch of the nervous system provides conscious control of and awareness of the fullness of the bladder, has control over the external sphincter (voluntary muscle)

Answer 26

somatic nervous system

Question 27

what hormone helps moderate urine volume and water retention in the body

Answer 27

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 28

common diuretics include

Answer 28

coffee, alcohol

Question 29

ADH and urine volume have an ______ relationship

Answer 29

inverse

Question 30

if ADH is high - meaning the collecting duct becomes more permeable for water, what happens to urine volume?

Answer 30

it decreases - more water leaving at the collecting duct than normal

Question 31

if ADH is low - meaning the collecting duct becomes less permeable for water, what happens to urine volume?

Answer 31

it increases- less water is leaving than normal

Question 32

what happens in the RAAS when blood pressure is low?

Answer 32

renin production increases--> renin activates angiotensin 1 which is converted by ACE into ---> angiotensin ll ---> promotes vasoconstriction of arterioles which increases BP also aldosterone is secreted from adrenal glands to increase permeability of ascending limb for salts (more salt=increased bp)

Question 33

what happens in the RAAS when blood pressure is high?

Answer 33

RAAS is not activated for high pb, only low bp

Question 34

what relationship does aldosterone have to bp?

Answer 34

direct more aldosterone=more salt=higher bp less aldosterone=less salt=low bp