immune and lymphatic system

Question 1

the body’s interanl defense system to protect against injury and foreign invaders (known as pathogens)

Answer 1

immune system

Question 2

this system complements and supports the immune system by circulating lymphatic fluid from lymph nodes through lymph vessels

Answer 2

lymphatic system

Question 3

immune system cells can be produced in organs of the lymphatic system such as

Answer 3

thymus, spleen, tonsils, red bone marrow

Question 4

a clear filtrrate of blood plasma that contains blood proteins, waste products and other metabolites, lymphocytes

Answer 4

lymph or lymphatic fluid

Question 5

what mechanism is repsonsible for drainage and exchnage between blood capillaries and lymph vessels within the lymph nodes

Answer 5

countercurrent exchange

Question 6

why is the lymphatic system often responsible for metastasis (spreading of cancer)

Answer 6

cancer cells can also participate in the exchange between blood and lymph vessels so can spread cancer throughout the body

Question 7

what are the two classes of pathogens

Answer 7

cellular (living) and acellular (nonliving)

Question 8

what are the 4 cellular (living) pathogen groups with example diseases (hint: 3 P, 1 F)

Answer 8

1. parasites (ie. helminthes) tapeworm
2. protozoa (ie. plasmodia) malaria
3. fungi (ie. tinea) athletes foot
4. prokaryote (ie.bacteria) leprosy

Question 9

what are the 2 acellular (non-living) pathogen groups with example diseases (hint: V P)

Answer 9

1. virus (ie, HIV) aids
2. prion - CJD (mad cow disease)

Question 10

what are other exogenous triggers of an immune response besides pathogens

Answer 10

physical injuries (internal or external) and allergens (associated with release of histamine)

Question 11

what is an example of an endogenous trigger of an immune response

Answer 11

an autoimmune disorder like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis

Question 12

what does histamine do

Answer 12

increases local inflammatory response when allergen is detected

Question 13

in adults where is the highest concentration of stem cells found

Answer 13

bone marrow tissue

Question 14

what are stem cells

Answer 14

cells that have yet to differentiate (most are on early embryo stages)

Question 15

these cells are produced in the lymphatic system, originate from lymphoid stem cells and play a role in the ADAPTIVE immune response

Answer 15

lymphocytes

Question 16

these are special white blood cells that have an organelle known as a granule in their cytoplasm which allows them to destroy and digest foreign invaders; involved in INNATE immune response

Answer 16

granulocytes

Question 17

B cells (plasma B and memory B), T cells (helper T and cytotoxic T), and Natural killer cells are all under what cell type

Answer 17

lymphocytes-adaptive

Question 18

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells, Monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages are under what immune cell type

Answer 18

granulocytes -innate

Question 19

list the levels of defense in order from first (quickest) to last

Answer 19

1. skin and inflammatory response (when phagocytes come destroy pathogens)
2. innate immune response-granulocytes (nonspecific)
3. adaptive immune response- lymphocytes, antibodies produced here

Question 20

these responses layer on one another and create a large-scale positive feedback loop

Answer 20

immune responses-innate and adaptive

Question 21

are primed to respond to a specific antigen (due to prior exposure or a vaccine) and circulate for long periods of time

Answer 21

memory b cells, hint: memory-long time priming

Question 22

secrete immunoglobulins (antibodies) and direct the humoral response (one branch of the adaptive response)

Answer 22

Plasma B cells

Question 23

directly destroy infected cells, cancer calls, and attack the body’s own cells in the case of an autoimmune diseases

Answer 23

Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells hint:destroy their own-toxicicity

Question 24

mediate inflammation levels, recognize pathogens by binding to antigens ans releasing cytokines

Answer 24

Helper (CD4) T cells

Question 25

what are the two branches of the adaptive response

Answer 25

humoral and cell-mediated responses

Question 26

B cells are more involved in the ______ response and T cells (and interleukins) are more involved in the ________ response

Answer 26

humoral, cell-mediated

Question 27

largest class of antibody with the highest opsonization (recognizing and targeting) and neutralization (destroying) activity, very abundant so have 4 classes, circulate through lymph vessels

Answer 27

IgG

Question 28

typically first antibody activated upon infection and increases in quantity throughout the course of an immune response, circulates in lymph vessels

Answer 28

IgM

Question 29

antibody that is expressed/found in mucosal tissues (especially in digestive tract), form dimers or pairs oncesecreted

Answer 29

IgA

Question 30

antibody with unknown function

Answer 30

IgD

Question 31

antibody that is most closely associated with allergic response, circulate in lymp vessels

Answer 31

IgE

Question 32

initial antigen exposure in secondary lymphoid organ(nodes, spleen, tonsils) --> B cell to T cell interaction to stimulate B cell division in T cell-B cell border --> B cells devlop into different subtypes in B cell follicle

Answer 32

phase 1 of antibody production in the immune system

Question 33

some B cells become germinal center (GC) B cells which hypermutate to develop more specific antibodies to target antigens (in GC dark zone)---> phase 1 again --->mature into plasma or memory B cells to participate in adaptive humoral response

Answer 33

phase 2 of antibody production in the immune system

Question 34

are considered "self-antigens" meaning they distinguish normal cells from pathogenic cell when they are detected by T cells

Answer 34

Class 1 MHCs

Question 35

are only expressed on certain types of immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells) and bind to antigen on foeign cells to target them for destruction, known as "antigen presenting cells"

Answer 35

Class ll MHCs

Question 36

what is necessary to determine of an organ/tissue graft will be rejected

Answer 36

MHC 1s

Question 37

a broad class of signaling proteins in the immune system that also participate in other non-immune cell responses

Answer 37

cytokines

Question 38

type of cytokine that functions as an antiviral protein to prevent viral replication

Answer 38

interferons

Question 39

type of cytokine that are pro-inflammatory and prevent tumor growth

Answer 39

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 40

type of cytokine that targets specific cells in the immune system to activate/recruit them, variety of actions due to many types

Answer 40

interluikins

Question 41

a type of cytokine that regulates immune cell division, cell growth and cell death; also their dysregulation is observed in cancer

Answer 41

transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)

Question 42

small DNA loops in bacteria separate from main DNA are known as

Answer 42

plasmids

Question 43

what is the benefit of mRNA-based vaccines

Answer 43

have the potential to confer stronger (adaptive) immunity against a specific virus and do not require neutralizing (destroying) or injecting the live virus

Question 44

what do mRNA vaccines do?

Answer 44

the mRNA codes for a spike protein which is expressed on outside of a virus and the body is given a preview of what to expect and do if that spike protein appears