Renal system Flashcards
What causes acute pyelonephritis? (pai.uh·low·nuh·frai·tuhs) Where does it affect?
A sudden or severe infection of the kidney brought about by gram-negative bacteria, which results in inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons, as well as affecting the adrenal cortex and medulla.
What is uraemia?
High levels of urea in the blood
Taking ibuprofen, particularly at high doses over long periods of time, can increase the risk of:
Cardiovascular accident (stroke) and myocardial infarction.
What is cystitis?
The inflammation of the urinary bladder. Cystitis is the most common form of urinary tract infection.
Name the procedure that involves a doctor using a device similar to a laparoscope to examine the bladder.
Cystoscopy (the device used is called a cystoscope)
Cystitis is the most common form of what?
Urinary tract infection (UTI).
What are the three types of acute kidney injury?
Prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal.
What brings about prerenal AKI?
Insufficient blood flow to the kidneys.
This could be because of a reduction in cardiac output because of heart failure, or hypovolaemia as a result of haemorrhage or shock.
What does intrarenal AKI involve?
A decline in working of the functional kidney tissues including the nephrons.
This could be for a variety of reasons including exposure to harmful chemicals, glomerulonephritis, and hypertension.
What generally causes postrenal AKI?
Obstruction of the renal system along the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Forms of obstruction include kidney stones, prostatic hyperplasia (in men), and urethral stricture.
Renal calculi is the medical name for what?
Kidney stones.
AKI results in higher levels of which minerals?
Urea, creatinine, phosphate, and potassium.
Name some of the signs of the oliguric phase of AKI?
- Decreased urine output
- Oedema.
- Raised urea, creatinine, and potassium.
- Reduced sodium (hyponatraemia).
- Acidosis
- Heart failure.
- Pulmonary oedema.
- Orthostatic hypotension.
- Disorientation.
- Vomiting.
- Bowel changes.
- Convulsions, coma.
ERF stands for?
Established renal failure.
What are the two criteria for ERF?
- Progresses over at least three months (90 days).
- Irreversible damage to nephrons.
