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IPAP A&P II Chance > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fluid percentage differences in men and women and why?

A

55% in femaies, More essential fat, less water

60% in males, less fat, more skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What are the two main fluid compartments and what are there characteritics?

A

Intracellular: inside the cell

  • 2/3 of body fluid
  • Cytosol

Extracellular: Fluid outside the cell

  • 1/3 of body fluid
  • Interstitial fluid

Intravascular fluid: Plasma

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3
Q

What is primary means of water movement between interstital and intacellular fluid?

A

Osmosis since the concentration of solutes in these fluids determines the direction of water movement

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4
Q

What two mechanisms are involved in gaining water

A 
Ingestion (1600ml)
Metabolic Synthesis (200ml)
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5
Q

Name the four mechanisms by which water is lost from most to least?

A

Kidneys (1500ml)
Skin (600ml)
Lungs (300ml)
GI Tract (100ml)

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6
Q

What is Dehydration?

A

Increase in volume and increase in osmolarity of body fluids

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7
Q

What three ways are the thirst center of the hypothalamus?

A

Dry Mouth, pharynx, decreased salivation

Increased Blood Osmolarity- stimulates osmoreceptors

Decreased blood volume- decreased BP which increased renin secretion from kidneys resulting in increased angiotensin II formation

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8
Q

What is an Osmoreceptor?

A

Specialized chemoreceptor that only recognizes increases in sodium plasma concentration (Hypothalamus)

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9
Q

Explain what happens with osmolarity during hyponatremia

A

Water saturates the extracellular spaces causing low osmolarity, water rushes into cells causing them to rupture

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10
Q

What are the 4 main functions of electrolytes (ions)?

A
  • Control Osmosis between fluid compartments
  • maintain acid-base balance
  • carries electrical current for AP
  • Cofactors needed for optimal activity of enzymes
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11
Q

What ions are most concentrated in Extracellular fluid (plasma,interstitial)?

A

Cation: NA+
Antion: Cl-

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12
Q

What ions are the most concentrated in Intracellular fluid?

A

Cation: K+
Anions: proteins/phosphates (HPO4(2-))

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13
Q

What are some characteristics of Sodium?

A
  • 90% of extracellular cations
  • Accounts for almost half of osmolarity
  • Needed for action potentials
  • Mostly controlled by horomones
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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Chloride?

A
  • Most abundant anion in extracellular fluid
  • Balances cations
  • Part of hydrochloric acid secreted into gastric juices
  • affected by renal absorption of Na+
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15
Q

What are some characteristics of potassium?

A
  • Establishing resting membrane potential
  • Helps maintain normal intracellular fluid volume
  • helps Acid-Base Balance in body fluid pH
  • Controlled by aldosterone
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16
Q

Define Hyperkalemia

A

Causes increased aldosterone secretion which forces principle cells in collecting ducts to reduce the amount of K+ secretion

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17
Q

Define Hypokalemia

A

Causes decreased aldosterone secretion which forces principle cells in collecting ducts to reduce the amount of K+ secretion

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18
Q

What are Bicarbnate characteristics?

A
  • Second most abundant extra anions
  • Formed by CO2 combines with H20
  • Increases blood flows through systemic capillaries
  • Decreases as blood flows through pulmonary capillaries
  • Kidneys are the main regulator of blood HC0(3-) concentration
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19
Q

What are some characteristics of Calcium?

A
  • Most abundant material in the body (98% in bones)
  • Plays role in:
    - Blood Clotting
    - Neurotransmitter
    release
    - Maintenance of
    Muscle tone
    - Excitability of tissue
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20
Q

What are some characteristics of Phosphate?

A
  • 85% is in calcium phosphate salts

- Structural component of bone and teeth

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21
Q

What are some characteristics of Magnesium?

A

Essential for normal neuromuscular activity, synaptic transmission, myocardial functioning

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22
Q

What is the difference between afferent and Efferent?

A

Afferent- In to Something

Efferent- Out of Something (Think Exit)

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23
Q

How do kidneys regulate ionic compositon?

A

Regulate blood vessels of ions like (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, HPO)

24
Q

How do kidneys help to regulate blood pH?

A

Excrete variable amount of hydrogen ions into urine and conserve bicarbonate ions, which buffers H+

25
Q

How do kidneys help to regulate blood volume?

A

Adjust blood volume by conserving or elimintating water to urine

26
Q

How do kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

A

Kidney cause RAAS pathway to increase BP

27
Q

How do kidneys maintain blood osmolarity?

A

Regulates loss of water and loss of solutes in urine

28
Q

How do kidneys help produce certain horomones?

A

Produce calcitrol and erthropoietin

29
Q

How do kidneys help regulate blood glucose levels?

A

Use Gluconeogensis to release glucose into blood stream

30
Q

What are the examples of wastes and foreingn substances that are excreted from the kidneys?

A

Urine:

  • Ammonia and Urea- From deanimation of amino acids
  • Bilirubin- catabolism of hemoglobin
  • Creatinine- breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers
  • Uric Acid- catabolism of nucleuic acid

Foreign Substances:

  • From Diet
  • Drugs
  • Environmental toxins
31
Q

What are the three external layers of the kidney?

A

Renal Fascia- Outermost layer
Adipose Capsule- Middle Layer
Renal Capsule- Innermost layer

32
Q

What composes renal fascia?

A

Dense connective tissue anchors kidney to surrounding structure and abdominal wall

33
Q

What composes the adipose capsule?

A

Fatty Tissues surrounding the renal capsule, protection and holds kidney in place in the cavity

34
Q

What composes the renal capsule?

A

Smooth transparent connective tissue covering that is continuous with ureters, help maintain shape and offers protection

35
Q

How much blood size receive in relation to its total body mass?

A

0.5% of total body mass

20-25% of resting cardiac output at all times

36
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron, 1,000,000 in each kidney

37
Q

What are the two parts that it consists of?

A

Renal Corpuscle- Blood Plasma is filtered

Renal Tubule- Filtered fluid passes through

38
Q

What are the two different types of nephrons?

A

Cortical Nephron: 80-85%

Juxtamedullary nephron 15-20%

39
Q

Where do Cortical nephrons reside?

A
  • lie in outer portion of renal cortex

- short loops of henle (outer region of medulla)

40
Q

Where do Juxtamedullary nephrons reside?

A
  • lie deep in the renal cortex

- long loops of henle (deep into medulla)

41
Q

Where are the peritubular capillaries?

A

Intermingle throughout the convoluted tubules

42
Q

Where are the vasa recta?

A

Intermingle throughout the loop of henle (in the medulla)

  • Specific only to Jux Nephrins
  • Important for keeping interstitial fluid hyperosmotic maintaining gradient different to allow movement across
  • allow for very dilute or concentrated urine
43
Q

What are some physical characteristics of the afferent arteriole?

A

Wider Lumen, thicker walls

44
Q

What are some physical characteristics of efferent arterioles?

A

Smaller Lumen, thinner walls

- Brings some blood and larger molecules through the peritubular cappillaries (vasa recta)

45
Q

What are the three structures of the Glomerulus?

A 
Visceral layer- has podocytes
Parietal Layer- (Bowmans Capsule)
Capsular Space (Bowman's Space) - Filtered fluid from capillaries enters this space tp be pushed into the proximal convoluted tubule
46
Q

Explain the function of juxtaglomerular cells contained in the afferent arterioles?

A
  • Modified smooth muscle that detects low BP

- Secretes Renin (RAAS)

47
Q

What are macula densa?

A

Located in the DCT, specialized cells detecting NACl concentrations

48
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

Located between afferent and efferent and DCT junction

Contract/relax to make regulatory changes in response to signals that other cells are sending

49
Q

What three components make up the JGA

A

Juxtaglomerular cells, Masa densa, Mesangial cells

50
Q

How much of filtrate is reabsorbed and secreted out?

A

99% reabsorbed, 1% (1-2L) urine

51
Q

How is the filtration membrane described>

A

Glomerular capillaroes and podocytes form a leaky barrier

Tightly packed- only water/some solutes getting through

52
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A

Slit membranes between pedicels

Basal Lamina (Middle Layer)
Fenstrations of endothelium cells (Inner most layer)
53
Q

Explain the positive pressure in the efferent arterial

A

Due to size of the efferent arteriole because it takes more pressure to get plasma out

54
Q

What is GBHP?

A

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (pushing outward)

55MmHg

55
Q

What is CHP

A

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (pushes inward)

  • responsible for back pressure
  • 15mmHg
56
Q

What is BCOP?

A

30mmHg Blood Collid Osmotic pressure

Opposes filtration/pulls on fluid and solutes

57
Q

What is the NFP

A

Net Filtration Pressure:

NFP=GBHP-CHP=BCOP

IPAP A&P II Chance (4 decks)

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