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IPAP A&P II Chance > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three wall layers in arteries and veins from inside to out?

A

Tunica Exerna
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins

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3
Q

What is the Tunica Externa composed of?

A

Elastic and Collagen Fibers or connective tissue

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4
Q

What does the Tunica Externa contain/do?

A
  • Nerves of Vessels, Vasa Vasorum (Transport O2/Nutrients to cells of BVW)
  • Seen on Large Vessels like the Aorta
  • Anchors vessels to surrounding Tissues
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5
Q

What are the three parts of the Tunica Intima (From external to internal)?

A
  1. Internal Elastic Lamina
  2. Basement Membrane
  3. Endothelium
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6
Q

Describe the Internal Elastic Lamina

A
  • Found ONLY in Arteries/not veins
  • Seperates between Intima and Media
  • Composed of thin sheets of elastic fibers
  • Variable Window like openings (Facilitates diffusion from Interna to Media)
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7
Q

Describe the Basement Membrane

A
  • Physical support for Epithelial layer
  • Network of collagen fibers (tensile strength, strength/recoil)
  • Anchors Endothelium to CT
  • Regulates molecular movement
  • Guides cell movement during tissue repair
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8
Q

Describe Endothelium

A
  • Lining of Lumen
  • Continuous
  • Helps inhibit platelet aggregation
  • Reduces friction/damage
  • Secretes Chemical mediators/influences contractile smooth muscle
  • Assists capillary permeability
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9
Q

Describe Arteries and the two major types

A
  • Transport mostly oxygenated blood from heart to the tissues of the body
  • Thicker than veins in tunica media
  • Plentiful elastic fibers, stretch and expand easily

2 Major:

  • Elastic
  • Muscular
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10
Q

What are some characteristics of Elastic Arteries?

A
  • Largest Diameter (Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, carotids, illiacs)
  • Vessels walls, thin 1/10th
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11
Q

What is in the Tunica Externa (Adventitia) of Elastic Arteries?

A

Fibroblasts, Nerve Fibers, Vasa Vasporum

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12
Q

What is in the Tunica Media of Elastic Arteries?

A
  • More Collagen
  • Minimal Smooth Muscle
  • More elastic fibers (Elastic Lamellae)
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13
Q

What is in the Tunica Intima of Elastic Arteries?

A
  • First place to see Atherosclerosis
  • Has supporting layer of Elastin Rich Collagen
    (including Endothelial/Myointmal Cells)
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14
Q

Explain pressure reservoir that exists in Elastic Arteries

A

Momentary Storage of mechanical energy due to expansion of blood pressure (Recoils to make into kinetic energy)

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15
Q

What is another name for the Elastic Arteries?

A

“Conducting Arteries”

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16
Q

What is another name for Muscular Arteries

A

“Distributing Arteries”

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17
Q

How does the Tunica externa layer differ in Muscular vs Elastic Arteries?

A

Much Thicker

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18
Q

How does the Tunica Media layer differ in Muscular vs Elastic Arteries?

A
  • More Smooth Muscle/Less Elastic
  • Greater Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction
  • Adjusts rate of blood flow
  • Can’t propel (little elastic)
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19
Q

Describe Vasomotor/Vascular Tone

A
  • Muscle contracts maintaining a state of partial contraction to maintain vessel pressure and efficient blood flow
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20
Q

Define Anastomoses

A

Two or more arteries supplying blood to the same region of the body

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21
Q

What are end arteries?

A

Arteries that do not anastomoses

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22
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Anastomoses provide alternate routes for blood to reach an organ

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of Arterioles?

A
  • approx 400mil
  • 15-300um
  • Rich in Smooth Muscle
  • Wall Thickness 1/2 of total vessel diameter
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24
Q

Explain the composition of the Tunica Externa of Arterioles

A
  • Areolar Connective Tissue containing abundant unmyelinated sympathetic nerves
  • Contains local Chemical Mediators (Can alter diameter, therefore blood rate and resistance)
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25
Q

Explain the composition of the Tunica Media and Tunica Intima of the Arterioles

A
  • Both very thin
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26
Q

How does a high and low rate of firing affect the arteries?

A

Higher Rate- Vasoconstriction
Low Rate-
Vasodilation

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27
Q

What is another name for Arterioles due to their ability to dilate and constrict?

A

Resistance Vessels- Resistance from blood rubbing against vessel wall (smaller diameter, increased resistance)

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28
Q

How does contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles affect resistance?

A

Smaller Diameter: Vasoconstriction creates greater resistance, increased BP

Greater Diameter:
Vasodilation creates less resistance, lower BP

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29
Q

What are Metarterioles?

A
  • Short vessels that connect arterioles to capillary networks
  • Formed by single smooth muscle cell rings.
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30
Q

What is the purpose of Metarterioles?

A
  • Act as precapillary sphincter that regulated blood flow into the capillaries that branch off the Merarteriole
  • Can close of capillary bed
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31
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessels , 20 billion, surface area allows for nutrient exchange

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32
Q

What is the composition of capillaries?

A
  • Single endothelial layer and basement membrane (No media/externa)
  • Allows for nutrient, gas, waste diffusion
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33
Q

What is the PRIMARY function of Capillaries?

A
  • Exhange of substances between blood and insterstital fluid
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34
Q

What is another name of capillaries?

A

“exchange vessels”

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35
Q

What three structures are capillaries absent? Why?

A
  • Absent in avascular substances

- Cornea, Lens of Eye, Cartilage

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36
Q

What areas have higher metabolic demand for capillary networks?

A

Muscles, Brain, Liver, Kidneys, Nervous System

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37
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A
  • Network of 10-100 Capillaries that arise from a single metarteriole
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38
Q

Explain the activity of Capillary beds at rest and active

A
  • At rest, only a small portion of capillary beds are active

- At active the capillary bed opens blood flow in

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39
Q

What is Vasomotion?

A
  • Contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters to ensure capillary beds receive blood flow even at rest.
  • Due to chemical release of nitric oxide
40
Q

What is a Thoroughfare Channel?

A

Direct route from arteriole to venule, bypassing majority of capillary bed. Very little chance for nutrient exchange.

41
Q

When is the Thoroughfare Channel utilized?

A

Hemorrhage, Increased Stoke Volume (Exercise)

42
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous, Fenstrated, Sinusoids

43
Q

Describe Continuous Capillaries

A
  • Most are Continuous
  • Continuous tube interrupted only by inter cellular clefts
  • Found in CNS, Lungs, skin, muscle tissue
44
Q

Describe Fenstrated Capillaries

A
  • Plasma membranes have many fenstrations (pores) allowing for easier diffusion
  • Found in Kidneys, Villi (SI), most endocrine glands, ciliary processes of the eye
45
Q

Describe Sinusoids

A

-Wider/Winding
- Incomplete/Absent membranes
- Large Fenstrations
- Large Clefts
- Contain specialized lining cells adapted to the function of the tissue
(Spleen, Marrow, anterior pituitary, adrenal glands)

46
Q

What are Portal Systems?

A
  • When one capillary network feeds into another

- Ex. hepatic portal (liver), hypophyseal portal (pituitary)

47
Q

In what part of the body is the portal system most beneficial?

A

Hepatic- allows liver to filter blood from:

- Stomach, Spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, mesenteric systems

48
Q

What are post capillary venules?

A
  • Small Veins that recieve blood directly from capillary beds (porous for WBC (Immune Response))
  • Last site of metabolic exchange
49
Q

What are Musculary Venules?

A
  • Changes from precapillary venules when gaining 1-2 layers of smooth muscle, preventing metabolic exchange
50
Q

What venules are the most distensible?

A

Both postcapillary/muscular venules, 360%

51
Q

What are veins and their layers?

A
  • Thinner than Arteries
  • Lumen tend to be larger than Arteries
  • Ooz not squirt
  • Not meant to withstand lots of pressure

Tunica Externa:
- Thickest Layer (Collagen/Elastic)

Tunica Media:
- Much thinner, less smooth muscle/elastic fibers than arteries

Tunica Intima:
- Much Thinner than arteries

52
Q

Where and what purpose are valves in the veins?

A
  • Thin folds of Tunica Interna (Cups)
  • Prevents backflow due to low blood pressure

One Way Valves exist in small anastomosing vessels to deep veins, to prevent reverse flow

53
Q

What are Vascular Sinus?

A
  • Thin endothelial wall, no smooth muscle

- Ex. Coronary Sinus

54
Q

What are anastomic veins?

A
  • Veins paired and accompany medium to small sized muscular arteries
  • Greatest # in limbs
  • Largest: Superior Anastomic Vein
55
Q

What is the difference between Superficial and Deep Veins?

A
  • Superficial: lie within the subcutaneous layer of the skin
    = Much larger
    = Pathway for capillaries of upper limbs
  • Deep: Travel between skeletal muscles
    =Smaller
    = Principle return pathway to heart
56
Q

At Rest, divide the percentages of where blood exists in the body?

A 
64% Veins/Venules 
13% Systematic 
7% in systemic Capillaries 
9% in Pulmonary BV
7% in Heart
57
Q

What are the three basic mechanisms for capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion, Transcytosis, Bulf Flow

58
Q

What is the most important mechanism for Capillary Exchange?

A

Diffusion

59
Q

What is the general concentration gradient between interstitual/Blood?

A
  • Interstitial Fluid:
    • CO2/ Wastes (High)
  • Blood:
    • O2/Nutrients (High)
  • Diffusion down their concentration gradient
60
Q

What structures/substances are touched by Diffusion?

A
  • Intercellular Clefts

- Fenstrations- Glucose and Amino Acids

61
Q

How are brain capillary diffusion different from other capillaries?

A
  • Only water/some gases/Lipid soluble molecules pass through
  • Glucose and Amino Acids are selectively transported
  • Very Tight Junctions hence Blood/Brain Barrier
62
Q

Describe Trancytosis

A
  • Enocytosis followed by Exocytosis

- Used mainly for large, lipid in-soluable molecules (Insulin)

63
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Passive process by which large number of ions/particles/molecules in a fluid move together in the same direction

64
Q

How is bulk flow different from diffusion?

A
  • Bulk flow rate is much greater than diffusion
  • Bulk moves from high to low as long as there is a pressure difference
  • Bulk is more important for regulation of blood volume/interstitial fluid
65
Q

What are the two types of Pressure-Driven Bulk flow?

A
  • Filtration/Absorption
66
Q

What is filtration and the two pressures that promote filtration?

A
  • From blood capillaries into interstitial space

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure(BHP)

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)

67
Q

What is Re-absorption? What promotes it?

A
  • From interstitial fluid into blood

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

68
Q

What is the Net Filtration Pressure? (NFP)

A
  • Balance of filtration and re-absorption

- Determines if they are steady or changing

69
Q

What is Starling’s Law of Capillaries?

A

Volume of Solutes reabsorbed is near the volume of fluid filtered

70
Q

What is BHP?

A

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure- pressure that blood exertes against blood vessel walls

  • “Pushes”fluid out of capillaries into interstitial space
71
Q

What is IFOP?

A

Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure- “Pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial space

72
Q

What is BCOP?

A

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure- forced caused by colloidal suspension of protein in plasma

“Pulls” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries

73
Q

What is IFHP?

A

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure- opposing pressure to BHP

“Pushes” fluid out of interstitial spaces back into capillaries

74
Q

What is the percentage of fluid filtered and reabsorbed?

A

85%/20L

17L/3L in Lymphatic

75
Q

What two factors affect how cardiac output becomes distributed into the circulatory routes?

A

Flow/Resistance

76
Q

How is flow described and its factors?

A
  • Pressure gradient from one end of the tube to the other
  • Radius of the tube to the fourth power
  • Viscosity of the Fluid, Length of the tube
77
Q

What are the four principles of flow?

A
  1. Directly porportional to longitudinal pressure gradient
  2. Inversely proportional to the length of the tube
  3. Inversely proportional to viscosity of the fluid
  4. Directly proportional to the 4th power of the radius of the tube
78
Q

What factors affect resistance?

A
  • Radius of the tube to the fourth power

- viscosity and length of the tube

79
Q

What are the three factors of Vascular Resistance?

A
  1. Size of the Lumen
  2. Blood Viscosity
  3. Total Blood Vessel length
80
Q

What two major things affect Blood Viscosity?

A
  • Ratio of Solids to Fluid

- Higher viscosity, higher resistance, slower flow

81
Q

How is Resistance characterized in total blood vessel length?

A
  • The longer the vessel the greater the resistance to blood flow
82
Q

Define SVR

A

Systemic Vascular Resistance- All vascular resistance offered by systemic blood vessels
(TPR) Total peripheral resistance

83
Q

What structures contribute most to vascular resistance and why?

A

Arterioles, capillaries, venules- because of lumen size

84
Q

Explain the relationship between cross-sectional area and velocity?

A

As cross sectional area increases, velocity decreases
- Velocity is slowest in the capillaries due to the size of its surface area in relation to arteries where it is the fastest

85
Q

Where is flow generally located in the lumen?

A

Laminar Flow, or center of the vessel/lowest is near the vascular wall

86
Q

How is turbulent flow characterized?

A

Irregularities in flow patterns, typical is pathological patients

87
Q

What two mechanisms assist in returning blood to the right side of the heart?

A

Skeletal Pump

Respiratory Pump

88
Q

Explain the skeletal pump

A

Standing at Rest- Venous valves are allowing blood towards the heart

Standing compresses the veins resulting in milking to overcome gravitational forces

89
Q

Explain valve closures and openings when contraction and relaxation of the lower muscles

A

Contraction: Distal valve closes, proximal opens

Relaxation: Proximal valve closes, distal opens

90
Q

Describe the Inhalation portion of the respiratory pump

A

Inhalation is when the diaphram moves downward causing decrease in thoracic cavity, increase in abdominal pressure
- Veins in the abdominal cavity are compressed and blood moves up towards the heart

91
Q

Describe the Exhalation portion of the Respiratory Pump

A

Diaphragm moves upward increases thoracic cavity pressure, decrease in abdominal, abdominal valves close preventing backflow

92
Q

How is Blood Pressure determined?

A

Cardiac Output, Blood Volume, Vascular Resistance

93
Q

Systolic BP

A

Highest BP in Arteries

94
Q

Diastolic BP

A

Lowest BP in arteries

95
Q

What is MAP

A

Mean arterial Pressure is 70-100

96
Q

What areas do the interconnected negative feedback system affect?

A

HR, SV, SVR, Blood Volume

97
Q

What does the CV Center do?

A

Regulates HR, Contractility, Blood vessel diameter

IPAP A&P II Chance (4 decks)

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