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IPAP A&P II Chance > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the anterior of the heart located?

A

Deep to Sternum and Ribs

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2
Q

Where is the inferior of the heart located?

A

Rests on Central Tendon of Diaphragm

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3
Q

What does the right side of the heart face?

A

Faces Lung, atrium only

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4
Q

What does the right side of the heart face?

A

Pulmonary Border, faces left lung

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5
Q

Where does the base of the heart face?

A

Faces posterior chest,

4 pulmonary veins/2 pulm arteries

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6
Q

Where does the apex of the heart face?

A

Faces anterior chest

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7
Q

Another name for sternocostal?

A

Anterior of the Heart

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8
Q

Synonym for Diaphramatic

A

Inferior of the heart

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9
Q

What is the function of the Pericardium?

A

Surrounds, protects, confines heart to its position, allows for vigorious movement

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10
Q

Name the 3 Layers of the Pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardial Layer
Parietal Layer
Visceral Layer

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11
Q

Define and Describe the Fibrous Pericardium

A

1) Superficial
2) Tough, Dense Irregular
3) “Open End” Fused to systemic vessels

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12
Q

What composes the Serous Pericardium?

A

1) Double Layer (Parietal/Viscera;)
2) Parietal outer Layer fused to Fibrous
3) Visceral (Epicardium) adheres tightly to the heart

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13
Q

Where does the pericardial cavity sit?

A

Between Visceral and Parietal

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14
Q

What is in the pericardial cavity and what is its purpose?

A

Pericardial Fluid

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15
Q

Name the three layers of the heart

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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16
Q

Explain the epicardium

A

Contains blood vessels and lymphatics/Composed of mesothelium covering delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose

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17
Q

Myocardium

A

Responsible for pumping the heart, 95% of the heart wall, wrapped/bundled sheaths, involuntary cardiac muscle

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18
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth lining for the heart chambers/Covers the valves of the heart/Continuous with lining of large blood vessels

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19
Q

Auricles

A

Slightly increases the atria capacity, different sizes, Left one has some muscular

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20
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves in the Surface of the heart:

1) Coronary sulcus- externally seperates atria from ventricle (atrioventricular sulcus)
2) Interventricular sulcus- Externally seperateds right and left ventricles (Holds vessels)

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21
Q

Trabecule Carneae

A

Raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers in ventricles

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22
Q

Papillary Muscles

A
  • Cone shaped trabeculae carneae

- Found only in ventricles

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23
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Tendon-like cords connected to Papillary Muscles, connected to tri/bicuspid valves/VENTRICLES only

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24
Q

Pectinate Muscles

A

Special ridges of muscle found in anterior portion right atrium/left & right auricles

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25
Q

Crista Terminalis

A

Divides right atrium between pectinate/smooth surface

26
Q

Interatrial Septum

A

Seperates left/right atria , contains fossa ovalis

27
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

(Atrioventricular valve) Right atrium to right ventricle (3 Cusps)

28
Q

Aortic Valve

A

(Semilunar Valve) Blood from left ventricle passes through this valve and also to coronary arteries

29
Q

How thick is the Left ventricle?

A

10-15mm

30
Q

What chamber forms the apex of the heart

A

Left Ventricle

31
Q

What is the size of the left atrium?

A

2-3mm thick

32
Q

What chamber forms most of the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

33
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Left atrium to left ventricle/(Mitral Valve. AV (atrioventricular Valve)

34
Q

Septum

A

Medial border between left and right atria and ventricles, houses much of the electrical conduction system

35
Q

Fibrous Skeleton

A

“Rings” of dense connective tissue around valves and throughout the heart tissues/ electrical insulator

36
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

Opening though atria septum/ Allows RA to LA blood movement, bypasses vent/lungs

37
Q

Ductus Atteriosus

A
  • Fetal shunts blood from pulm. artery to descending aorta
  • Allows lung bypass
  • Closes after birth
    Leaves Ligamentum arteriosim connecting aorta with pulm trunk
38
Q

What happens in contractile fibers in PHASE 0?

A
  • Rapid Influx of Na+
  • Multiple Voltage Gated Channels open at the same time
  • Becomes POSITIVE and therefore DEPOLARIZED
39
Q

What happens in contractile fibers in PHASE 1?

A
  • BRIEF RE POLARIZATION
  • Peak Positive +
  • (Fast Channel) Na+ Influx slows/shuts off
  • Balance of inta vs extra cellular
  • K+ Still leaking from out from cell
  • Slow voltage gated Na+ and Ca++ channels open
40
Q

What happens in contractile fibers in PHASE 2?

A

PLATEAU PHASE

  • Slow influx of Ca++ and Na+ and Efflux of K+ keeps cell depolarized
  • This is when the cell begin its contraction
41
Q

What happens in contractile fibers in PHASE 3?

A

REPOLARIZATION

- Volatage gated K+ channels open allowing rapid Efflux from the cell

42
Q

What happens in contractile fibers in PHASE 4?

A

RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

- K+ is equal concentration both intra and extra cellular

43
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Phase 0-3 when another action potential cannot occur

44
Q

Where is the SA Node located?

A

Right atrium endocardium lateral to the opening of the superior vena cava

45
Q

Does the SA Node have a resting potential?

A

No

46
Q

How does the SA Node transmit conduction to the left atrium?

A

Through the anterior internodal tract of Bachmann, allowing for simultaneous contraction

47
Q

Where is the AV Node Located?

A

In/near the interatrial septum, anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus

48
Q

What are the fiber velocities of the conduction system?

A

SA/AV: 0.01-0.02 m/s (slowest
Atria/Ventricles: 1 M/s (intermediate)
Purkinje fibers: 2 m/S

49
Q

What are the two things that the autonomic nerve impulses and hormones modify?

A

Timing/Strength

50
Q

What do Desmosomes do?

A

Hold Fibers together

51
Q

What is the purpose of Gap Junctions?

A

Allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neighboring fibers which help it contract as a single unit

52
Q

How many heart sounds are produced? How many can you typically hear?

A

4 and 2

53
Q

How do we determine Stroke Volume (SV)?

A

Stroke Volume= End Diastolic Volume- End Systolic Volume

54
Q

Define Cardiac Output

A

Volume of Blood ejected from the left ventricle into the Aorta each minute

55
Q

Define Stroke Volume

A

Volume of blood ejected by the ventricle each contraction

56
Q

HR

A

Beats per minute

57
Q

Define Cardiac Reserve

A

Difference between CO Max and CO at Rest, usually 4 to 5x resting CO

58
Q

What three factors regulate Stroke Volume and ensure they are pumping the same amount? Define them

A

Preload- Degree of stretch of heart before contraction
Contractility- Forcefulness of contraction
Afterload- Pressure that must be exvceeded before injection of the blood from the ventricles occurs

59
Q

Characteristics of Pre-Load

A

greater the preload the greater the contraction

60
Q

Describe Frank Starling Law of the Heart

A
  • The more the heart fill with blood during diastole the greater the force of contraction
  • this equalizes output of the right/left ventricles
61
Q

Characteristics of Contractility

A

Inotrope: something that alters the force of contraction

Positive Inotrope: Increases contractility
(increased influx of Ca+)

Negative Inotrope: 
Decreased contractility (Calcium channel Blockers)
62
Q

Differences between Physiological & Pathological Cardiomegaly

A

Physiological: enlargement due to exercise

Pathological: Enlargement due to Disease

IPAP A&P II Chance (4 decks)

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