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HUBS1404 > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major components of the renal system?

A

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder and Urethra.

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2
Q

What are the components of kidney structure?

A

Kidney cortex and renal medulla.

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3
Q

What are the functional units of kidneys?

A

Nephrons

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4
Q

How are nephrons categorised?

A

Into Renal Corpuscle (filtration) and Renal Tuble (reabsorption and secretion).

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5
Q

what are 80-85% of all nephrons called?

A

cortical nephrons

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6
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

long nephron loops surrounded by recta or straight vessels.

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7
Q

How is the renal corpuscle structured?

A

Glomerulus and Glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule.

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8
Q

What is the glomerulus capillary network?

A

Fenestrated capillaries; received blood from afferent arteriole.

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9
Q

What are Glomerular Capsules?

A

The inner visceral layer consisting of specialised cells called podocytes that cover the fenestrated capillaries.

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10
Q

Of the renal tube, how many main sections are there and what are they called?

A

There are 3. Proximal, Nephron and Distal.

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11
Q

What tubule has the greatest reabsorption capacity?

A

Proximal tubule

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12
Q

What do proximal tubule feature?

A

They have microvilli to increase surface area

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13
Q

How much of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed here?

A

100%

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14
Q

What are thin ascending limb juxtamedullary nephrons constructed from?

A

Simple squamous cells

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15
Q

What are thick ascending limbs constructed from?

A

cuboidal or low columnar epithelium

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16
Q

What are the factors that drive net filtration?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure

17
Q

What arteriole has a smaller diameter?

A

Efferent arteriole

18
Q

What does glomerular hydrostatic pressure do to fluid in capillaries?

A

Forces fluid out of glomerular capillaries.

19
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate. How much blood our kidneys filter in total per minute.

20
Q

What is the normal rate of GFR?

A

125ml per minute

21
Q

What would be an end stage of renal failure GFR?

A

15ml or less.

22
Q

How can we regulate GFR?

A

Renal autoregulation, neural and hormonal regulation.

23
Q

What is Renal Autoregulation?

A

Regulates the blood entering the glomerulus

24
Q

In relation to renal autoregulation, what are myogenic mechanisms.

A

They use the changes of vascular tone (constriction or contraction of vessels) to maintain desired blood flow.

25
Q

In relation to renal autoregulation, what is tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism?

A

Uses alterations of the vasodilator nitric oxide

26
Q

What receptors are present in the smooth muscle of afferent and efferent vessels?

A

Alpha 1

27
Q

What does norepinephrine do to arteriole vessels?

A

Vasoconstrict

28
Q

How can GFR be modulated (hormones)

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide and Angiotensin II

29
Q

What hormone will decrease GFR (glomerular filtration rate) ?

A

Angiotensin II

30
Q

What hormone will increase GFR (glomerular filtration rate)?

A

ANP - atrial natriuretic peptide

31
Q

What are the three different types of transporters in the renal tubule?

A

Active, Co-transport and antiporters.

32
Q

What are the similarities and differences between co-transport and antiporter transport?

A

They both move 2 or more solutes in a certain direction of the renal tubule. However, they differ in that co-transport moves in the same direction and antiporter transport moves in opposite directions.

33
Q

In the nephron loop of the loop of henle, where does osmolality increase?

A

The descending limb

34
Q

In the nephron loop, where does osmolality decrease or reduce?

A

The ascending limb

35
Q

In the distal tubule, what do principle cells reabsorb?

A

Na+ and K+

36
Q

In the distal tubule, what do intercalated cells reabsorb and/or secrete.

A

Secretes H+ – Reabsorbs or Secretes HCO3 ions.

37
Q

What division of the renal tubule achieves the most secretion?

A

The proximal tubule

HUBS1404 (6 decks)

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