renal system

Question 1

acute tubular necrosis

Answer 1

1) sepsis
2) dehydration
3) shock
4) dye used for tracing can cause death of cells
5) urinary casts
- pathologic for ATN

Question 2

chronic interstitial / analgesic nephritis

Answer 2

1) overuse of NSAIDS
- block a certain class of PGs that lower blood volume in interstitial => atrophy

Question 3

benign nephrosclerosis

Answer 3

1) due to hypertension

Question 4

malignant nephrosclerosis

Answer 4

1) onion skinning of the vessel wall
2) MI, end stage renal disease, etc.

Question 5

acute pyelonephritis

Answer 5

1) renal pelvis kidney inflammation
2) hematogenous
- descending infection (sepsis, infective endocarditis)
3)
- hypertension due to decreased flow
4) ascending infection
- lymphocytes, neutrophils, bacteria
- byproduct is scarring

Question 6

chronic pyelonephritis

Answer 6

1) means repeat UTIs
2) shrunken kidney due to atrophy and interstitial fibrosis
3) protein in the urin

Question 7

lesions that predispose to pyelonephritis

Answer 7

1) stones, tumors, prostate carcinoma/hyperplasia
2) impinge on urethra and backup of urine into bladder

Question 8

polycystic kidney disease

Answer 8

1) almost always bilateral disease
- inherited
2) cystic changes

Question 9

hydronephrosis

Answer 9

1) caused by an obstruction
2) usually unilateral
3)

Question 10

atresia

Answer 10

1) lack of connection between bladder and urethra
2) non examinable

Question 11

pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 11

1) PID
- UTIs left untreated
2) bacteria travel to cervix
3) could lead to sterility
—

Question 12

testes descending

Answer 12

1) testes will descend if it is hot
2) but if it is stuck, it cannot regulate temp
3) leads to 10x risk of testicular cancer

Question 13

adult renal cell carcinoma

Answer 13

1) extremely worrisome

Question 14

palpable mass in abdomen of child

Answer 14

1) pediatric malignant cancer of the kidney
2) RCC and wilsons tumor?

Question 15

smoking increases

Answer 15

1) bladder cancer
2) blood in the urine
- should not see it normally

Question 16

prostate exam

Answer 16

1) BPH is very common
- benign prostate hyperplasia
- how to know if its carcinoma?
2) lateral walls grow in BPH, but posterior lobe grows in prostate cancer

Question 17

uterine fibroids

Answer 17

1) leiomyomas of the smooth muscle

Question 18

HPV

Answer 18

1) 16 and 18 usually the causative agent of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma in women
2) cellular machinery takeover, increase of P16

Question 19

molar preganancy

Answer 19

1) when sperm has extra chromosome
(partial) or fertilized empty egg (complete)
2) can give a false positive
3)can be invasive and lead to sterility if you have to remove the uterus