lung diseases

Question 1

bronchiole

Answer 1

1) no more cartilage

Question 2

alveoli

Answer 2

1) increase surface area

Question 3

alveolus

Answer 3

1) little, hollow space

Question 4

pulmonary disease

Answer 4

1) obstructive
- physically blocking
- COPD
- emphysema and chronic bronchitis
- echtasia
2) restrictive
- interstitial spaces or extrapulmonary are compressed

Question 5

FEV1/FVC

Answer 5

1) for obstructive
- ratio is low, total OK but slow
- because FEV1 is dramatically lowered
2) for restrictive
- ratio is normal or slightly higher
- total volume is lower and expiration rate normal

Question 6

obstructive complications

Answer 6

1) pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure

Question 7

obstructive – irritation / chronic bronchitis

Answer 7

1) can cause hyperplasia and metaplasia
- excess mucin of mucous glands
2) ciliary escalator removes
- phlegm, productive cough
3) clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis
- productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 years
4) findings
- hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and cyanosis
5 )complications
- pulmonary hypertension and right sided heart failure

Question 8

emphysema

Answer 8

1) irritants come in, macrophages destroy fibers, dilated alveoli
2) non obese, history of smoking,
3) no bluish color to skin

Question 9

asthma

Answer 9

1) type I hypersensitivity rxn to irritants, chronic inflammation
- defined by IgE releasing histamine
2) bronchoconstriction
- sympathetic mechanism
3) DYS
- severe dyspnea
- wheezing
4) ICS => bronchodilator => relax smooth muscle

Question 10

bronchiectasis

Answer 10

1) something goes down the bronchus
- ton of inflammation, mucus, infection
2) destroys elastin in airways, abnormal expansion
3) blood in sputum

Question 11

restrictive lung diseases

Answer 11

1) inhalation fills lungs less that normal
2) pneumoconiosis
- cytokines damage type I pneumocyte => fibroblasts => ECM is increasing => FVC is lowered

Question 12

uveoparotitis

Answer 12

1) differential
2) eyes, inflammation of parotid gland

Question 13

sarcoidosis

Answer 13

1) biopsy
2) differentiate from tuberculous

Question 14

diffuse pulmonary diseases

Answer 14

1) limited gas exchange
2) hypoxia
3) body shunts away from poor exchange areas
4) pulmonary arterioles constrict
5) widespread constiction
6) pulmonary hypertension
7) right sided heart failure

Question 15

extrapulmonary

Answer 15

1) pleural tissue, pleural cavity, parietal tissue
2) too much fluid, drained by lymph
- but pulmonary effusion can occur if there is too much in the potential space

Question 16

atelectasis

Answer 16

1) incomplete filling due to getting compressed
- fluid fills lung in pulmonary effusion
- compression of lung tissue

Question 17

pneumothorax

Answer 17

1) potential space gets punctured
2) cause lung to collapse

Question 18

infectious lung problems

Answer 18

1) HIV is single most important risk factor
2) granulomatous inflammation is necrotic in TB
- infectious etiology
- focus of tb tissue and calcified lymph node
3) circular lymph node adenopathy

Question 19

immune system

Answer 19

1) causes exudate
2) productive cough

Question 20

cystic fibrosis

Answer 20

1) repeated infections and scarring
2) constriction of airways
3) CTFR protein, codes for chloride channel obstruction
- normally Cl- attracts water to dilute it

Question 21

smoking

Answer 21

1) benzopyrene
2) incorporate into DNA
- cell dies or repairs
3) if neither occurs, mutation happens
- cancer

Question 22

cancer

Answer 22

1) most common type is adenocarinoma
2) in smokers, it is SCC or small cell lung cancer