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Unit 5 > Renal system > Flashcards

Renal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key features of the internal anatomy of the kidney (10)

A

renal cortex
Renal medulla
Major calyx
Papilla of pyramid
Renal pelvis
minor calyx
Ureter
renal pyramid in renal medulla
Renal column
Fibrous capsule

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2
Q

What does the kidney regulate (3)

A

Electrolyte Balance
Fluid balance
Acid base control

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3
Q

What does the kidney produce

A

Renin
Erythropoietin

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4
Q

What does the kidney metabolise

A

metabolise vitamin D

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5
Q

What does the kidney excrete

A

waste products and toxins

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6
Q

What does the nephron consist of (6)

A

Glomerulus
Bowman capsulse
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop/ loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

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7
Q

What is the glomerulus and what does it sit inside

A

A network of capillaries and sits inside the glomerular (bowman capsule)

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8
Q

What are the three processes of the formation of urine

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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9
Q

What does the afferent arterioles that goes into the glomerulus what do the granular cells release

A

Renin

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10
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron

A

Glomerulus

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11
Q

Where is the kidney located

A

Posterior wall of the abdomen

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12
Q

What does the afferent arterioles do

A

They put plasma into the glomerulus to start filtration process.

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13
Q

What does the efferent arterioles do

A

They take the plasma that will not be filtered

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14
Q

What is the Juxta glomerular apparatus

A

to maintain blood pressure

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15
Q

what the components of the junta glomerular apparatus (3)

A

Vascular components- different arterioles
Extraglomerular messangium
Tubular components

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16
Q

What is renin

A

The enzyme that controls blood pressure

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17
Q

What are the three main step in the filtration membrane of the kidney

A

Fenestrated endothelial cells
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocytes

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18
Q

what does the fenestrated endothelial cells do

A

selecting small molecules to go through and retain large molecules e.g proteins

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19
Q

fenestration process
what does it do (2)

A

filteration membrane which won’t allow large molecules to go through.
filteration membrane negative charge so react negative charge molecules

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20
Q

What happens at the prototypes

A

retain large molecules

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21
Q

What happens if large molecules go through the prototypes

A

Large molecules can damage tubules and could cause malfunction to the kidney

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22
Q

What is filteration

A

The movement of H20 and solutes from blood into filtrate under pressure

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23
Q

When the filtrate passes to proximal convoluted tubule what does it not contain (4)

A

Red blood cells
White blood cell
Platelets
Large proteins

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24
Q

What is filtered in the proximal convoluted tubule (7)

A

Glucose
Aminio acids
waste
Vitamins
Electrolyte
Nutrients
Water

25
What is the rate of glomerular filtration in minutes
125ml per minute
26
What controls the glomerular filteration rate (2)
Efferent arterioles vasconsrtict and increase blood flow by hydrostatic pressure. Afferent arterioles will vasodilation and decrease blood flow caused by colloid osmotic pressure
27
How autoregulation occur in the kidney -Pressure high -Pressure low
Pressure high- afferent arterioles constrict to reduce pressure enter glomerulus Pressure low- efferent arterioles construct to increase pressure in glomerulus
28
What stimulate renin from the pressure of arterioles and the type
Low pressure Afferent arterioles
29
What are the two types of mechanism do we have for regulation of glomerular filteration rate
Intrinsic Extrinsic
30
decrease blood pressure on the afferent arterioles and a decrease glomerular filteration rate What is needed to increase glomerular filteration rate the myogenic mechanism of auto regulation
stretch of Smooth muscles decrease in walls of afferent arterioles vasodilation of the afferent arterioles
31
Decrease în glomerular filtration rate what is the tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregualtion to increase glomerular filtration rate (3)
Filtrate flow of NaCl in ascending limb of nephron loop acts on the mucula dense cells of juxtaglomerular complex of kidney Vasodilation of the afferent arterioles
32
What does intrinsic mechanisms do
Regulate glomerular filtration rate despite changes to blood pressure
33
What does extrinsic mechanism mean
indirectly regulate glomerular filteration by maintaining systemic blood pressure.
34
How is systematic pressure increased by hormonal mechanisms
Grandular cells of juxtaglomerular complex of kidney release renin catalysed cascade result in formation of angiotensin II which causes two things 1- increase in aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex then increase Na reabsorption by kidney tubules water follows which increase blood volume. 2- vasoconstriction of systematic arterioles increase peripheral resistance This increases sysmatic blood pressure
35
How is systmatic blood pressure increased by neutral control
inhibit baroreceptors in blood vessels of systematic circulation which is then located in the sympathetic nervous system Vasconstriction of systemic arterioles increase peripheral resistance increase systemic blood pressure
36
What is tubular reabsorption
the return of useful substances and water from filtrate into the blood
37
What happens at the proximal convoluted tubule
Selective process begins
38
What two hormone used in reabsorption of the tubular
aldosterone ADH
39
What does alderstone influence in reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule
40
What does ADH affect
The permeability of collecting duct to H20
41
What is tubular secretion
Active removal of unwanted substances and wastes from the blood into the filtrate
42
What is secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule
Potassium
43
What is secreted in distal convoluted tubule
Na+ sodium
44
What is the composition of urine
95% water 5% solute ( urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate , sulphate, creatinine, uric acid.
45
What does renin do
release juxta glomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure
46
What does renin be converted into
angiotensin I
47
What is angiotensin I converted into
Angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme from lungs
48
What does angiotensin II cause
Vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels Release aldosterone from adrenal cortex cause reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in renal tubules (DCT)
49
If there is lots of hydrogen ions what does it cause the Ph to be
Lower the Ph of the blood
50
If there is lots of OH- in the blood what does it cause the Ph to be
Increase the Ph of the blood
51
What are the three mechanisms that can maintain acid base balances
Buffers Respiratory system Renal system and kidney
52
How is erythropoietin produced
By kidney
53
What does erythropoietin stimulate
bone marrow to produce red blood cells
54
erythropoietin production can stimulate what
Hypoxaemia
55
The hormonal control of calcium hoemostastis is through the release of what
Parathyroid hormone
56
What is the kidney role in the Ca2+ homeostasis
Reabsorption of Calcium and the metabolism of vitamin D calcium is reabsorbed as phosphate is excreted
57
What hormone concentrate your urine
Antidiuretic hormone
58
How does the kidney maintain hoemostasis
Control water, ions,
59
What are the 7 functions of the kidney
Overall fluid balance Regulate and filter minerals from blood Filter waste material from food filter toxic substances Create hormone that help produce hormones Promote bone health Regulate blood pressure

Unit 5 (5 decks)

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