Digestive Flashcards
1
Q
What is digestion
A
Breakdown of food into a useful form that can be absorbed and used by cells
2
Q
How is digestion used by cells (2)
A
Creation of energy- cellular respiration, production of ATP.
Repair and growth
3
Q
What types of food do we ingest (4)
A
Proteins
Fat
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
4
Q
How are food broken down in 2 way
A
Mechanical
Chemical
5
Q
What is mechanical digestion
A
The physical breakdown, mastication and churning
6
Q
What is mechanical digestion
A
The physical breakdown, mastication and churning
7
Q
What is chemical digestion
A
Chemical breakdown acids, surfactants, enzymes
8
Q
What is the digestive system made up of (2)
A
Alimentary canals
Accessory organs
9
Q
What is the digestive system process (5 in order)
A
Ingestion
propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
10
Q
What are the accessory digestive organs (3)
A
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver and bilary tract
11
Q
What are the four layer of the GI tract
A
serosa
Muscularis
Sub mucosa
Mucosa
12
Q
What does Gi tract stand for
A
Gastrointestinal tract
13
Q
What is the serosa
A
Outer layer of the GI tract the membrane epithelium that surrounds the outside of the tube
14
Q
What does the submucosa and mucosa do
A
secretes enzymes and mucus into the GI tract
15
Q
What are the two types of muscles in the muscularis
A
Smooth muscle
Longitudinal- tone change in length
circular- mixing processes
16
Q
What does the submucosa contain (4)
A
rich blood supply
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves supply
mucosal glands
17
Q
What is substance is located in the lumen of the gut
A
chyme
18
Q
What are the features of the structure submucosa (5)
A
Connective tissue
Elastic Fibres
Collagen Fibres
Fibroblasts
Ground substance
19
Q
What is the main function of the submucosa
A
Secretory glands producing digestive juices
20
Q
What mucosa main functions (4)
A
protection from physical damage
Lubricate the gut
enzyme secretion
hormone secretion
21
Q
What is the key feature of the structure of the mucosal lining
A
Simple columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
22
Q
What is the function of the muclaris layer
A
provide peristalsis and mixing
Onward movement regulated by sphincters
23
Q
Where is the serosa located
A
In the abdomen peritoneum
24
Q
What is the serosa main function
A
A barrier to spread of infection
25
What does mesenteries do (4)
supports the guts
Provide blood supply,
nerve supply
lymphatic drainage
26
What is peristalsis
The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles- wave like movement
27
What is food known as in the digestive system
Bolus
28
What is enteric nervous system made of
Diffuse net of nerve cells interconnected with axons
29
What are the two plexus in the wall of the gut called
Myenteric
submucosal
30
What is myenteric pleuxus role
The movement of the bowels
31
Myenteric plexus
What type of nervous system does it receive from
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
32
What is submucosal plexus role
Control muscles and gland secretion (secretmotor)
33
Submucosal plexus
What type of nervous system does it receive from
Parasympathetic control
34
What are the main functions of the Oesophagus
Conveys food from mouth to stomach
35
What is the structure of the oesophagus
Thick protective stratified squamous epithelium
Mucosa subject to considerable friction
36
how is the passage of food facilitated by (3)
flatten of mucosal folds
mucous glands
loose and elastic submucosa
37
What is mucosa externa lower 2/3 made of and what it does
smooth muscle
peristalsis
38
What does the stomach do
Stores food
mechanical breakdown and chemical breakdown
39
what is the extra layer of muscularis in the stomach called
oblique muscle
40
what is the highly secretly mucosa contain in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid
Pepsin
Mucus
41
What is pepsin
an enzyme that breaks down proteins
42
what type of muscus is produced in the stomach and what it does
alkaline protect against the mixture of digestive enzymes
43
what does the cardia region of the stomach do
neutralises the stomach by the producing a large amount of alkaline mucous
44
What does fundus do in the body
produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid
45
what happens at the pyloric end of the stomach
mucous glands producing the protective ,mucous
46
what is the stomach lining made of
simple columnar epithelium that have tight juctions between cells.
47
Why is the stomach lining got tight junction
pepsin acid does leak into other tissues
48
What are the gastric pits of the stomach lining do
synthesis and secretion of the gastric juices
49
what are the five cells in glands of stomach fundus and body
Surface mucous cells
mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells
50
What does the surface mucous cells secrete
bicarbonate
alkaline mucus
51
What does mucous neck cells secrete
acidic mucus activate enzymes
52
What does parietal cells secrete
secrete hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor absorption of Vitamin B12
53
What does chief cell secrete
Pepsinogen
lipases- the enzyme that helps break down lipids and fatty material
54
What does G cells secrete and what does it do
Gastrin which stimulate parietal cells to produce HCL
55
What is the small intestine function
glands secrete intestinal juices
complete chemical digestion
absorption of nutrients
56
What improves the surface area for digestion and
absorption
Mucosal folds
Villi
Microvilli
57
what does each villous contain
capillary bed
lacteal- uptake of lymph
58
What is the apical columnar cells of the small intestine is
microvilli
59
What does paneth cell produce and what does it do
defensins
Lysozymes
help control bacterial load in gut
60
What are the cells in the small intestines (6)
Absorptive cells
Goblet cells
Intestinal crypt
Entero- endocrine cells
Secretory cells
Paneth cells
61
What does the secretory cells produce
Intestinal juice
62
What is intestinal juice
water mucus that emulsify and bulk up the chyme and make it possible for absorption of nutrients
63
What are enter endocrine cells and explain what it does
produce secretion which inhibits gastric emptying
cholecystokinin controls pancreatic secretion and bile secretion stimulate by vagal tone
64
What are the key features of small intestines
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
65
What are the specialisation of the duodenum what it does
bruners glands
cholecystokinin production
66
What do Bruner glands do
secrete alkaline mucus which protects mucosa and neutralises chyme
67
What does cholecystokinin production
control the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas
Control emptying of the gallbladder in the duodenum
68
what is trypsinogen
an inactive enzyme that is activated once it enters genome and become active once enter duodenum and becomes trypsin.
69
What is trypsin
A protein digestive enzyme
70
What is the jejunum
is the second section of small intestines and the main absorptive region
71
What are the main features of the jejunum
Few Bruner glands
pH neutral to alkaline
Mucosal folds quick absorption
Longest villi location
72
What is absorbed in the jejunum (4)
Fats
Amino acids
Vitamins
Glucose
73
what is the ileum
Last part of the small intestines
74
What are the key features of the ileum
Peyer patches
Huge domes of lymphoid tissue
75
What is the Function of the ileum
Absorption of Vitamin B12
76
The control of intestinal secretion (3)
stimulus for production presence of chyme in intestine
secretin stimulate liver cells to release biles and pancreatic secretion
cholechostokinin stimulate gallbladder contraction and pancreatic secretion
77
What is segmentation
The muscular activity that divides and mixes chyme by movement back and fourth of the gastrointestinal tract
78
What is the colon
The longest part of the large intestine it removes water and nutrients and electrolytes from particular digestive system
79
What are the key structure of the colon
Teniae coli
haustra
Epiploic appendage
80
What is the epiploic appendage
Fat filled pouch
81
What is the teniae cloli
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle
82
What is the haustra
Pocket like sac
83
What are the key features of the colon (4)
Thick mucosa- simple columnar epithelium
Many crypt- absorptive cells, goblet cells
No circular folds
no villi
84
Why is goblet cells important in colon
Produce mucus that can speed up and thickens and develop faeces
85
What does the endocrine cells do in the colon
produce hormone polypeptide YY inhibits mobility and promote water and salt selection
86
What does the polypeptide YY do
produce and promote uptake of water and salts and reduce motility
87
What does bacterial flora do
synthesise vitamin B and K
ferment indigestible carbohydrate and produce flatus
88
What are the key features in the rectum and anal canal
Anal canal
Anal column
External anal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter
anal sinus
Rectal valve
88
What are the key features in the rectum and anal canal
Anal canal
Anal column
External anal sphincter
Internal anal sphincter
anal sinus
Rectal valve
89
What is the external anal canal
Voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
90
What is the internal anal canal
Voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
91
What does the anal sinus release
Mucus when compressed
92
What is the anal canal made of
Stratified squamous epithelium
93
The defecation reflex
The evacuation of fecal material from the rectum in response to stimulation of afferent nerves in the distal bowel
94
What are the accessory organs in the digestive system (3)
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
95
Finish sentence
the liver detoxification of ---------
metabolic waste
96
the liver destructs ------
spent red blood cells
97
The liver secretion of -------
biles
98
the liver synthesis ------
Plasma proteins
99
The liver process and stores ------- absorbed from gut tube
nutrients
100
What doe the liver store
fat soluble vitamins
glucose
101
the liver lobule contains a group of -----
hepatocytes
102
What are liver lobules separated by
connective tissue with portal tracts
103
What happens at the liver lobule
small blood vessels diffuse oxygen and nutrients through their capillary walls into liver cells.
104
What is the space of Disse
Area between the endothelial cells and hepatocytes filled with blood plasma, nutrients and oxygens.
105
What does the gall bladder contain (3)
A muscular sac that stores concentrate biles
tall columnar epithelium with brush border
Lymph and blood vessels in submucosa to transport H2O away
106
what are biles
digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
107
How are biles concentrated
By absorption of water through the walls of the gallbladder
108
What does the pancreas secrete
Alkaline fluid rich in nutrients
109
Does the pancreas nutralised acid chyme from stomach
yes
110
what is stimulates when there is a presence of acidic chyme in the intestine
production of intestinal fluid
111
What does secretin stimulate
liver cells to release biles and pancreatic secretions
112
What does cholecystokinin stimulate
Gallbladder contractions and pancreatic secretion
