Biochemistry and metabolism Flashcards
1
Q
Chemicals are just inorganic
true or false
A
False chemical are organic and inorganic
2
Q
Name the three things that are all electrolytes
A
Salts
Acids
Bases
3
Q
What does acids release
A
Hydrogens
4
Q
What do bases take
A
Hydrogen
5
Q
what are bicarbonate and ammonia important for
A
Reduce blood acidity
6
Q
What are the renal and respiratory system important at
A
maintain pH homeostasis via the chemical buffer
7
Q
Name three macronutrients
A
carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
8
Q
What is contained in carbohydrates
A
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
9
Q
What is contained in Lipids
A
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
10
Q
What is contained in proteins
A
Aminio acids
11
Q
What is malnourishment
A
lack of nutrition by not eating the right things
12
Q
What is metabolism
A
all biochemical reactions occurring in the body
13
Q
What are the two process of metabolism (2)
A
catabolic pathway
anabolic pathway
14
Q
What metabolim pathway is this
break down complex molecules
exothermic reaction and release energy as heat and ATP.
A
Catabolic pathway
15
Q
What metabolism pathway is this
Build up complex molecules
endothermic reaction requires energy input in forms of ATP
A
Anabolic pathway
16
Q
Example of catabolic pathway
A
cellular respiration
17
Q
Example of anabolic pathway
A
Biosynthetic reaction (protein synthesis)
18
Q
What do the two metabolism require
A
enzymes
co enzymes
cofactors
to drive the reaction
19
Q
Pathways consist with chains of many reactions with step wise release of energy what can these step wise reaction can be
A
reversible or irreversable
20
Q
Our a step in what is being put in what is the product called of a metabolism
A
metabolites
21
Q
What does ATP stand for
A
Adenosine Triphosphate
22
Q
What is ATP
A
the only form of energy that can be used to power cells activity
23
Q
What makes up ATP
A
Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphate group
24
Q
What is it called when one of the ATP phosphate group is broken bond what is it called
A
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
25
When ATP is broken down what does it provide
Energy for cellular processes
26
What is the process called of building ATP back up from ADP to ATP
Direct phosphorylation
27
What molecule is used to build up ATP
creatine phosphate
28
How does creatine phosphate build ATP back up
Creatine will react with ADP in a anabolic reaction to donate a phosphate group and build bond to form ATP.
catabolic reaction occurs in creatine phosphate molecule
29
Where does creatine phosphate giving ATP molecule occur in
immediate energy source e.g short burst energy
30
What is creatine kinase
An enzyme that catalyse direct phosphorylation
31
Where is creatine kinase located
in muscles
32
What can creatine kinase be useful in diagnosis
diagnostic marker myocardial infarction due to creatine kinase should be trapped in the muscle and should not be located in the blood stream
33
What is glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen stores in muscle or liver
34
What is glycogeneogenesis
formation of glucose from other nutrients in the liver
35
where can glucose be obtained by (3)
free blood glucose
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
36
What does it mean when it says glucose can be catabolised completely
broken down fully and be able to extract the maximum amount of ATP.
37
What is needed for glucose to catabolised completely
glucose
6 oxygens
38
What is the maximum amount of ATP in one glucose is
38
39
What is the products of glucose being catabolised
6H2O (water)
6CO2 ( carbon dioxide)
38ATP
heat
40
What are the three linked metabolic pathway involved in catabolism of glucose
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
41
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell
cytosol
42
Where does the Kreb cycle take place in the cell
mitochondria
43
Where does the electron transport cycle take place
mitochondria
44
in glycolysis what is broken down and what is the product
glucose broken down
product: 2 pyruvic acid molecule (3C) 2 of them
45
Glycolysis
what occurs when breaking down
6 carbons into two 3 carbon molecules generate 4 ATP
46
Glycolysis
What is needed to start the breaking down of glucose
2 ATP
47
state what will be given in one molecule of glucose
glycolysis will give use 2 ATP
48
NAD molecules what are they
Carrier molecule
49
NAD molecules do
pick up hydrogen molecules carry to stage 3 (electro transport chain stage)
50
What is known as when NAD molecule pick up hydrogen
Reduced to NADH + H
51
Glycolysis outcome of little oxygen available at the end of process what occurs
Pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
52
Glycolysis outcome of little oxygen available at the end of process what type of pathway occur
anaerobic pathway
NADH + H convert back to NAD
53
glycolysis outcome of enough oxygen is available at the end of the process what happens
pyruvic acid enters mitochondria for kreb cycle
54
what is the process of pyruvic acid to enter the mitochondria
transition
55
What is the transition phase
Take the pyruvate molecule transport across membrane of mitochondria to get it inside mitochondria
56
How does the transition phase work
pyruvate need to do another chemical reaction which converts into a acetyl CoA which uses the enzyme coenzyme A
57
What does co enzyme A do to the pyruvate explain
convert from a 3 carbon to a 2 carbon molecule the waste product is carbon dioxide
58
Acetyl CoA happen when enter the kreb cycle
the two carbon and 4 carbon combine and create citric acid make 6 carbon molecule
59
What happens in the kreb cycle (2)
carbon atoms are removed at CO2 waste products
3 NAD are reduced to 3NADH+H
One FAD being reduced to FADH2
60
How many carbons are left after the kreb cycle
4
61
carrier molecule in the kreb cycle
FAD which carries hydrogen to the electron transport chain
62
How many times does the one glucose molecule go through transition and kreb cycle
twice because of the two Acetyl CoA
63
What is oxidation
Addition of oxygen removal of hydrogens and removal of electrons
64
NAD obtained from
B vitamin - niacin
65
FAD obtained from
B vitamin- riboflavin
66
NAD+ 2H --------> NADH + H
FAD + 2H ----------->FADH2
What does the first part show (oxidized or reduced)
Oxidized
67
NAD+ 2H --------> NADH + H
FAD + 2H ----------->FADH2
What does the second part show (oxidized or reduced)
reduced
68
What does the NADH + H and FADH2 do when they get to the electron transport chain
pass hydrogen and high energy electrons to oxygen final acceptor to produce H2O (water)
69
Each NADH+ H carrier lead to form how many ATP
3
70
Each FADH3 carrier leads to form how many ATP
2
71
Where does the electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria
Inner folds of the mitochondria membrane
72
What happens inside the electron transport chain
movement of electron at each complex which provide energy to do there job
73
What does each complex in the electron protein chain
There job is to be a protein pump which pump hydrogen that been dropped inside to pump them to outside of the membrane.
74
What occur when hydrogen are being pumped outside of the membrane
cause a electrochemical gradient lots of negative inside vs outside positive.
75
How does hydrogen flow back inside membrane how does it produce ATP
active transport. flow down electrochemical gradient through a ATP synthase which generate energy to create a bond between ADP and API to produce ATP.
76
how many carbons for each fatty acids
16 to 18
77
How are the fatty acids split into 2 C fragments what is the enzymatic reaction called
Beta oxidisation
78
How many ATP yeild per one fatty acid
129
79
What respiratory exchange ratio used to determine
predominant energy source being used oxygen consumed: carbon dioxide produced
80
What is the difference with catabolising fats vs catabolising glucose
More oxygen is needed to catabolise fats fully
81
In catabolism of fat lipids can be broken down into what
Glycerol
Fatty acids
82
How many times does fatty acids have to go through the Krebs cycle
8 times
83
Name the ways the metabolism is altered in response of various body functions (6)
Eating
Fasting
Macronutrients content of diet
Exercise
Stress
Disease states
84
What does the brain rely on for energy
High energy demand that relies on glucose than fatty acids
85
What does the red blood cell rely on for energy
They have no mitochondria rely on anaerobic glycolysis
86
What happens at rest of post absorptive state
Glycogen
Broken down glucoses by glycogenolysis which produce free glucose
87
What happens at rest of post absorptive state
Triglycerides
Triglycerides broken down via lipolysis to produce glycerol and fatty acids
88
What is a key hormone for post absorptive state
glucagon
89
What hormone is released if there is elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin
90
What hormone is released if there is a decrease in blood glucose level
glucagon
91
When is epinephrine hormone released
response to stress and exercise
92
When is cortisol hormone released
Réponse to long term stress and prolonged exercise
93
What is thyroid hormone released
Changes in response to exercise
94
What is surplus of protein cause
Catabolised into energy or converted into fats
95
What happens if fat is too high some is converted into acetyl CoA however some is converted into
Ketones
