Renal System

Question 1

What are the functions of the renal system

Answer 1

filters wasts products 
regulates ion levels in plasma 
regulates blood pH 
conserves valuable nutrietns 
regulates blood volume 
regulates RBC production

Question 2

What do the kidneys produce that buffers pH levels

Answer 2

bicarbonates

Question 3

What is metabolic acidosis and how does a kidney regulate it?

Answer 3

kidneys produc bicoarbonate, which buffers ph Levels
if there is a kidney issue there is an excess of CO2, leading to the inability to recycle and create new bicarbonate, increase the levels of CO2 causing metabolic acidosis

Question 4

What is pyelonephritis

Answer 4

pyelonephritis results when a UTI progresses to involve the upper urinary system (kidneys and ureters)

Question 5

What are the commons signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury?

Answer 5

back pain or flank pain 
fever and or chills 
feeling sick 
nausea and vomiting 
confusion (especially in elder)
changes in urine (hematouria, cloudy or foul, pain with urination, increased frequency or urgency)

Question 6

What is the cortex of the kidney and what does it contain?

Answer 6

cortex i the outer portion of the kidney
contains glomeruli and certain tubules
75% of renal parenchyma is cortex

Question 7

What is the medulla of the kidney and what does it contain?

Answer 7

medulla is the inner portion of the kidney
coned shaped– has 8-18 renal pyramids per kidney
contains the loop of Henle and collecting ducts

Question 8

What is the flow or exrection/urine within the kidney?

Answer 8

medullary pyramids narrow into structures call renal papilla which empty urine into…into minor calyx– then major calxy– then into renal pelvis– then the ureter

Question 9

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 9

functional unit of kidney is the nephron which is located in bothe the cortex and medullary areas

Question 10

What are the functions of the nephron?

Answer 10

filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
urinary secretion

Question 11

Where does filtration happen in the nephron?

Answer 11

blood is filtered in the glomerulus and then in the tubule

Question 12

What happens during tubular reabsorption?

Answer 12

solutes (ex: glucose, Na, K, Cl) and H2O are transported from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries and returned to the circulation

Question 13

What happens during tubular secretion?

Answer 13

filtrate in the renal tubule is further modified buy secretion of substances (urea; meds) from peritubular capillaries into tubular lumen

Question 14

What is urinary excretion?

Answer 14

filtrate (urine) is transported to bladder for storage and elimination

excretion = filtration- reabsorption+ secretion

Question 15

What is normal urine output

Answer 15

800-2000mL per day, if you intake about 2 liters per day

Question 16

What is hematuria?

Answer 16

pink to reddish or dark urine, could indicate RBC in urine

Question 17

What does cloudy urine indicate?

Answer 17

indicates infections and or presence of WBCs

Question 18

What is polyuria?

Answer 18

polyuria is the production of abnormally large columes of dilute urine
ex: DM

Question 19

What is urinary frequency?

Answer 19

the need to urinate many tumes during the day or night but in normal or less than normal volumes. either problem can include nocturia

Question 20

What is nocturia

Answer 20

noctural polyuria; excessive urination at night

Question 21

What is often associated with Acute kidney dysfunction

Answer 21

oliguria (dailyr urine output <400 ml)– when present in acute renal failure, increased mortality
anuria (no urine production)

Question 22

What are the causes of acute renal failure (ARF)

Answer 22

pre renal
post renal
intra renal

Question 23

WHat is pre renal?

Answer 23

55% conditions that decrease renal blood flow (RBF), the cause or etiology ARF is prior to affecting the kidneys
ex: HF, shock, spesis, hemorrhage, hypovolemia00 excessive vomiting and diarrhea, use of diuretics

Question 24

What is post-renal?

Answer 24

5-15% conditions that obstruct urine outflow

ex: kidney stones, pprostatic hypertrophy, cancers of the bladder, prostate or cervix, blood clots

Question 25

What is intra renal

Answer 25

40% injury or inflammation within kidneys

ex: interstitial nephritis, acute glomerulonephrisits, acute tubulear necrosis, ischemis, toxins