Diabetes: Endocrine

Question 1

What is diabetes melitus?

Answer 1

chronic metabolic disorder characterized bu high blood glucose (hyperglycemia)

Question 2

What is type I diabetes?

Answer 2

beta cell of pancreas that produce insulin are destroyed
results in insuling dependence
commonly detected before 30 y/o

Question 3

What is type 2 diabete?

Answer 3

blood glucose levels rise due to:
-insufficient insulin action (insulin resistance) followed by
- declining insulin production

commonly dtected after 40
effects >90% of DM population
eventually leADS TO BETA CELL FAILURE (RESULTING IN BETA CELL FAILURE)

Question 4

What is the normal fasting pplasma glucose level?

Answer 4

normal 70-100 mg/dL

Question 5

What is pre diabetes range for fasting plasa glucose test?

Answer 5

100-125 mg/dL= pre diabetes

Question 6

What is the range for diabtes for fasting plasma glucose test?

Answer 6

diabetes= >125 mg/dl signlas diabetes

Question 7

What is the norm for glycosylated hemoglobin tests (Hb A1c)

Answer 7

normal <5.7% of total Hb

Question 8

What is an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?

Answer 8

tested 2 hours after glucose-rich drink
140-1999 mg/dl signals pre diabetes
>200 mg/dl signals diabetes

Question 9

What diabetes test would you use if you wanted a longer term look at their status?

Answer 9

glycosylated hemoglobin tests (HbA1c)

Question 10

What are CV complications of DM?

Answer 10

CAD
HTN
peripheral vascular disease
CVA

Question 11

What are other complications of DM?

Answer 11

retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy
osteopathy
immune dysfunction

Question 12

What is retinopathy?

Answer 12

involves macular edema and formation of fragile blood vessels that may bleed

early recognition of visual changes and treatment best option for preventing further damge
affect 80% of patients with DM for > 2 years
– accounts for ~12% OF NEW CASES OF BLINDNESS

Question 13

What is a major causes of death in both types of DM (70%)?

Answer 13

CAD/ MI major cause of death

Question 14

What are clilnical manifestations of diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 14

sensory– loss of protective sensation
decreased vibration and proprioception
diminished reflexes
neuropathic pain
motor involvement: progressive weakness and atrophy

Question 15

What are the clinical manifestations of autonomic neuropathy DM?

Answer 15

heart and vasculature (orthostatic hypotension; silent MI)
GI tract (gastroparesis; diarrhea)

Question 16

What are the clinical manifestations of osteopathy for DM?

Answer 16

Charcot’s disease (neuropathic arthropathy)
– progressive degeneration of a WBing joint
—increase risk of skin breakdown
————varied pressure distribution
————if combined with DPN = increased wound risk