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Lab diagnostics > Renal Studies > Flashcards

Renal Studies Flashcards

1
Q

2 main tests for renal function

A

Urea and creatinine

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2
Q

creatinine levels are directly related to what?

A

Skeletal muscle mass

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3
Q

why is creatinine a good measure of glomerular filtration?

A

it is metabolized at a fairly constant rate

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4
Q

Where is BUN created?

A

in the liver

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5
Q

Why can BUN:creatinine ratio be used as an indicator for renal function?

A

Because creatinine is usually stable

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6
Q

Azotemia

A

build up of waste products in blood (usually urea) due to the decrease in filtration of renal system and inability to clear these substances

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7
Q

Uremia

A

symptomatic stage of renal failure (end stage of renal failure)

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8
Q

what are the 3 tests to approximate the stages of renal disease ?

A

24 hour urine collection, cock-croft gault formula, MDRD

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9
Q

How much does creatinine levels begin to decline at age 30-40?

A

0.8mL/min

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10
Q

What must you get in the 24 hours of a urine creatinine?

A

a serum creatinine

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11
Q

What causes a decrease in creatinine?

A

normal aging process, decline in kidney function

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12
Q

what does 24-hour creatinine measure?

A

the serum creatinine to urine

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13
Q

What are the measurable waste products of the kidneys?

A

Creatinine, urea, uric acid

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14
Q

What does GFR measure?

A

uses the serum creatinine levels to calculate how much fluid is cleared by the kidneys

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15
Q

Declining GFR could mean what?

A

declining kidney function = fluid/waste retention

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16
Q

steady declines in GFR could mean what?

A

nearing end stage renal failure

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17
Q

What does the cock-croft gault formula take into account?

A

age, gender, weight

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18
Q

What does MDRD take into account?

A

age, gender, race

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19
Q

What race is more likely to have renal disease?

A

african americans

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20
Q

how much protein is lost in a day with nephrotic syndrome?

A

3.5 g/day

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21
Q

what Protein test is used in high risk patients with a negative dipstick?

A

Spot albumin: creatinine

22
Q

what test measures 24 hour protein excretion?

A

Spot protein:creatinine

23
Q

What test measures 24 hour albumin excretion

A

spot albumin:creatinine

24
Q

abnormal level of protein in urine in healthy patient

A

> 150mg/24hr

25
Q

abnormal level of protein in diabetic patient

A

> 30mg/24 hr

26
Q

what is microalbuminuria an indicator of?

A

indicator of kidney disease

27
Q

what is microalbuminuria associated with ?

A

diabetic nephropathy and hypertensive renal damage

28
Q

aldosterone affects what ?

A

DCT

29
Q

ADH affects what?

A

collecting ducts

30
Q

Hypernatremia is due to

A

decreased blood flow to kidney from trauma, shock, surgery, –> leads to decreased filtration

31
Q

Hypernatremia symptoms

A

thirst, fatigue, dry skin, confusion, muscle twitching

32
Q

Hyponatremia is caused by

A

vomiting , diarrhea, HF, addisons disease

33
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponatremia ?

A

nausea, seizure, death

34
Q

What is typically caused by hyponatremia?

A

hypochloremia

35
Q

causes hyperchloremia

A

kidney dysfunction

36
Q

causes hypochloremia

A

volume loss

37
Q

symptoms of hyperchloremia

A

deep breaths, lethargy , weakness

38
Q

symptoms of hypochloremia

A

shallow breaths, tetany, hypotension

39
Q

potassium largely affects what?

A

the heart

40
Q

what can elevate potassium?

A

hemolysis from venipuncture

41
Q

does renal failure cause hypokalemia or hyperkalemia?

A

hyperkalemia

42
Q

symptoms of hyperkalemia

A

nausea, vomiting, cardiac irregularities , intestinal colic

43
Q

what should you be ready for in hyperkalemia?

A

cardiac emergency

44
Q

what is bicarb?

A

a buffer in the body

45
Q

who usually has elevated levels of bicarb?

A

COPD, metabolic alkalosis

46
Q

decreased levels of bicarb?

A

renal failure, DKA, metabolic acidosis , starvation

47
Q

what affects neuromuscular function

A

calcium and melatonin

48
Q

labs check the ______ calcium

A

total

49
Q

what do you need to check the free calcium?

A

albumin

50
Q

What causes hypercalcemia?

A

hyperparathyroidism, bone cancer, milk alkali syndrome, excess vitamin D (facilitates calcium absorption) , hypophosphatemia

51
Q

what causes hypocalcemia?

A

hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency , magnesium deficiency,

Lab diagnostics (6 decks)

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