Renal Physiology

Question 1

Where is erythropoetin produced?

Answer 1

Peritubular capillaries of kidney (also know as the vasa recta)

Question 2

What produces erythropoietin?

Answer 2

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 3

What enzyme present in the kidney converts Vitamin D to its active form?

Answer 3

1-alpha hydroxylase

Question 4

What is the normal protein content of urine?

Answer 4

Zero

Question 5

What is the normal glucose content of urine?

Answer 5

zero

Question 6

What is the usual urine output of a normal adult per day?

Answer 6

720 to 1440 ml (700-1400)

Question 7

What muscle is responsible for urination?

Answer 7

Detrusor muscle

Question 8

What substance would be secreted in response to changes in blood pressure by the JG cells of the afferent arterioles?

Answer 8

Renin

Question 9

What is the specific action of ADH on kidney?

Answer 9

Aquaporin/water channels

Question 10

Clearance of ________ is used to estimate Renal blood flow and Renal plasma flow?

Answer 10

PAH

Question 11

Clearance of ________ is used to estimate GFR?

Answer 11

Inulin

Question 12

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

Answer 12

180 mg/dl

Question 13

What is the countercurrent multiplier of the kidney?

Answer 13

Loop of Henle

Question 14

What is the countercurrent exchanger of the kidney?

Answer 14

Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

Question 15

What is the hormone that counteracts the effects of Aldosterone (Na reabsorption) and ADH?

Answer 15

ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

*produced from cardiac atrial muscle fibers

Question 16

What is the active form of Vitamin D where its conversion happens in the kidney?

Answer 16

125-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 17

What aphrodisiac may irritate urinary bladder muscle fibers?

Answer 17

Cathardin or Canthardin

Question 18

Most common cause of death in SLE?

Answer 18

Renal failure

Question 19

What is the leading cause of end stage renal disease?

Answer 19

diabetic nephropathy

Question 20

Pathognomonic of DM nephropathy?

Answer 20

Kimmelsteil-Wilson’s lesion or modular glomerulosclerosis

Question 21

What is the origin of the nephron?

Answer 21

metaneohric blastema

Question 22

This condition is characterized by uncontrolled hypertension wherein there is accelerated or rapid rise in blood pressure causing damage to the walls of renal arterioles, causing onion skinning

Answer 22

Malignant nephrosclerosis

Question 23

Give 2 pathological conditions associated with abdominal bruit

Answer 23

1. renal artery stenosis-assoc with high BP

2. abdominal aneurysm

Question 24

Most common site of Abdominal aneurysm?

Answer 24

Infrarenal (below the renal artery)

Question 25

This condition is characterized by a longstanding chronic hypertension associated with sclerosis of renal arterioles and small arteries. grossly, it has a leather grain appearance of cortical surface

Answer 25

Benign nephrosclerosis

Question 26

normal weight of kidney

Answer 26

150g

Question 27

Renal medulla is avascular and is sensitive for developing ischemic necrosis. True or false

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Give disease conditions that will present as Chronic kidney disease with normal sized kidneys

Answer 28

``` TB of kidneys Diabetic nephropathy lupus nephritis Amyloidosis sarcoidosis HIV (FSGS) ```

Question 29

Renal vasculature is how much of total cardiac output?

Answer 29

25%

Question 30

Factors regulating Glomerular filtration

Answer 30

Filtering membrane particle size Filtering forces amount of blood flow

Question 31

normal GFR value

Answer 31

125ml/min or 180 L/ day

Question 32

The combined blood flow through both kidneys or the renal blood flow in an average adult is?

Answer 32

1100ml

Question 33

The first urge to void is felt at a bladder volume of?

Answer 33

150ml

Question 34

At what volume will marked sense of fullness of bladder be felt?

Answer 34

About 400ml