Renal physiology

Question 1

each kidney contains how many nephrons

Answer 1

1 million

Question 2

what muscles do the ureters cross

Answer 2

psoas muscle

Question 3

which vessels do the ureters cross

Answer 3

iliac vessels

Question 4

describe parasympathetic control of the bladder

Answer 4

pelvic nerve
-s2-s4
-acetylcholin
-involuntary

Question 5

describe sympathetic control of the bladder

Answer 5

Hypogastric nerve
-T11-L2
-Noradrenaline
-involuntary

Question 6

Describe the somatic supply to the bladder

Answer 6

Pudendal nerve
-s2-s4
-onufs nucleus
-acetylcholine
-voluntary

Question 7

Describe the afferent nerve supply of the bladder

Answer 7

-Sensory nerve
-signals from detrusor muscle

Question 8

which neural central controls the micruration reflex

Answer 8

sacralmicturation centre

Question 9

what nucleus controls the gurading reflex

Answer 9

Onuf’s Nucleus

Question 10

what does the pontine micturation centre do

Answer 10

coordinating

Question 11

what is normal adult bladder capacity

Answer 11

400-500ml

Question 12

when is forst sensatin felt in bladder

Answer 12

100-200ml

Question 13

the volume in the bladder increases the pressure remains low due to what

Answer 13

receptive relaxation and detrusor muscle compliance

Question 14

what does the pudendal nerve do

Answer 14

stimulation maintains urethral contraction

Question 15

what deos the hypogastric nerve do during the filling phase

Answer 15

is stimulated and maintains detrusor muscle relaxation

Question 16

what does the pudendal nerve do during voiding phase

Answer 16

is inhibitded and external sphyncted relaxes

Question 17

what does the Pelvic parasympathetic nerve do during voiding

Answer 17

-stimulated
-detruser muscle contracts

Question 18

In an adult, what is the approximate number of litres of blood filtered by the kidneys per day?

Answer 18

150 - 180 litres

Question 19

what is GFR influenced by

Answer 19

• Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
  -Hydrostatic pressures
• Colloid osmotic pressures
• Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
  -Autoregulation
• Filtration coefficient (Kf; filter integrity/function)
  -Arteriolar endothelium (net –ve charge)
  -Glomerular podocytes

Question 20

Net fluid movement dependent upon what forces

Answer 20

• Bowmans capsule pressure
• Golerular hydrostatic pressure
• bwomans capsule colloid osmotic pressure
  *

Question 21

What is the average daily urine output of a healthy adult?

Answer 21

1-2Litres

Question 22

Despite their size, the kidneys receive ~20% of cardiac output. The nephron itself is associated with two capillary beds. Which option best describes these?

a)High pressure glomerular; high pressure peritubular

b)High pressure glomerular; low pressure peritubular

c)High pressure anastomosis

d)Low pressure anastomosis

e)Low pressure glomerular; high pressure peritubular

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Vascular resistance within the afferent and efferent arterioles governs renal autoregulation. Which of the following best describes the outcome following partial constriction of the entrance to the afferent arteriole?

a)Cessation of renal blood flow
b)Increased GFR; increased peritubular flow
c)Increased GFR; reduced peritubular flow
d)Reduced GFR; increased peritubular flow
e)Reduced GFR; reduced peritubular flow

Answer 23

e

Question 24

where are macula densa cells located

Answer 24

distal convoluted tubule

Question 25

where is most the NaCl resorbed

Answer 25

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 26

what do macula densa cells in the DCL release in response to HIGH Na and Cl

Answer 26

Adenosine which acts vasoconstringing Afferent Arteriole to low the GFR and Na excretion AND inhibiting juxtaglomerular cells (inhibiting RAAAS)

Question 27

what do macula densa cells in the DCL release in response to LOW Na and Cl

Answer 27

PGI2 + Nitric oxide, vasodilating the afferent arteriole to increase Na excretion an GFR, AND acts on juxtaglomerular cells to release renin to increase blood pressure

Question 28

high BP = _____ EGFR

Answer 28

high

Question 29

what are DAMN drugs

Answer 29

• Diuretics
• Ace inhibitors/ARB
• Metformin
• Nsaids

-They induce, exacerbate or complicate AKI
-acidosis, hypovolaemia or hypertension

Question 30

Which ion has a key role in determining plasma volume and osmolality?

Answer 30

sodium