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Urinary System > Renal Physiology > Flashcards

Renal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Kidney ?

A
  • Removal of waste products
  • Regulating blood volume and pressure;
  • pH and electrolyte composition;
  • Stimulation of erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells);
  • Supportingvit D biosynthesis
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2
Q

What is the role of the neprhon ?

A

Filtration

Reabsorption Active/ Passive

Secretion Active/ Passive

End result: Excretion

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3
Q

Why do you need to pee more in the cold?

A

Kidney perfusion increases

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4
Q

Is your Glomerular Filtration purely dependant on Blood pressure and perfusion?

A

no

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5
Q

What pressure pushes fluid out of the arteriole ?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

What pressure pushes fluid into the arteriole?

A

Osmotic pressure

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7
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration dependant on ?

A

Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Vasoconctriction/vasodilation of the arterioles.
and OSMOSIS.

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8
Q

Where does 70% of reabsoprtion occur within the kidneys ?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

Which is the only region of the nephron able to permit the reabsorption of glucose ?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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10
Q

Explain Acid Base balance Renal compensation

A

CO2 + H20 <-> H2C03 <-> HCO3- + H+

  • More H+ in blood- lower the pH (acidosis)
  • H+ secreted into the urine (lost to blood); Bicarbonate reabsorbs (increases in blood)
  • PH increases in blood
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11
Q

What is this

pH 7.2
CO2 7 kPa
O2 7 kPa
HCO3 34 mmol/l

A

respiratory acidosis with uncompensated metabolic alkalosis ?? i think

increased bicarbonate means that the body is throwing out hydrogen ions to the kidneys !

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12
Q

What is this ?

pH 7.55
CO2 2 kPa
O2 18 kPa
HCO3 24 mmol/l

A

uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

Patinet in extreme pain, kidney has no time to compensated (because this takes days).

Manegement is to give the patient pain reflied and this will resolve.

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13
Q

Where does the majority of water get reabsorbed ?

A

Loop of henle

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14
Q

How does Loop diuretics work ?

A
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15
Q

Side effects of loop diuretic ?

A
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16
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule ?

A

Secretion of ions into the filtrate (K+)
Ca reabsorbtion

17
Q

What happens in the collecting system ?

A

Some H+ secretion
ADH controlled H2O reabsorbtion

18
Q

What is the difference between secretion and excretion?

A
19
Q

Where does Thiazides work ?

A

DCT

20
Q

What are thiazides used for ?

A

HTN

21
Q

Where do K sparing diuretics work ?

A

Collecting tubule

22
Q

Side effects of K-sparing diuretics?

A
23
Q

Side effects of Thiazide diuretics?

A
24
Q

What is GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

hard to estimate so we often use EGFR

25
Q

What is EGFR

A

Estimated Glomerular filtration rate

26
Q

What is the difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome ?

A
27
Q

CASE STUDY

A
  • Increase low osmolality fluid in serum
  • Inhibition of ADH (Vasopressin)- decreases urine concentration
  • Urine potassium wasting. If there is a low magnesium within the body then there will be an increase in potassium lost therefore magnesium may need to be replaced.
28
Q

Explain Renin-angiotensin system

A
29
Q

What is secondary hypertension ?

A

SECONDARY TO SOMETHING ELSE

30
Q

What is cushings syndrome ?

A

Excess steroids eg doctors giving too much

31
Q

What is Phenochromocytoma

A

Type of tumour that causes adrenaline

32
Q

What is Aortic coarctation ?

A

Coarctation of the aorta is a birth defect in which a part of the aorta is narrower than usual.

33
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

Block the ACE enzyme within the lung

34
Q

How do Beta Blockers work?

B1 and B2

A

B1 - There is some effect on the kidney as it inhibits renin release but this is usually mild.

35
Q

How do calcium channel blockers work ?

A

Therefore, blood pressure will go down because its reduces peripheral resistance.

36
Q

how does erythropoietin respond to hypoxia ?

A

When you have hypoxia more erthrypotein is produced.

37
Q

What does thrombopoietin produce ?

A

Platelets

38
Q

Activation of vitamin D and maintenance of bone density?

A
39
Q

CKD patients will be anaemic with low Vitamin D

However, their Platelets are usually normal. Why?

A

Thrombopoietin is not effected because it comes from the liver, kidney and spleen, where erythropoietin is produced primarily from the kidney.

Urinary System (14 decks)

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