Anatomy 1 - Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra

Question 1

What is classed as upper urinary tract ?

Answer 1

Kidneys and ureters

Question 2

What is included in the Lower Urinary tract ?

Answer 2

Bladder and urethra

Question 3

Where does the kidneys lie in regards to the peritoneum ?

Answer 3

Kidneys lie in the retroperitoneal space of the abdomen, pressed against the posterior abdominal wall.

Question 4

Where does the bladder lie within the peritoneum ?

Answer 4

The bladder lies infraperitoneally in the pelvis.
In males it is directly anterior to the rectum.
In females it is directly anterior to the vagina and uterus.

Question 5

Where does urine production occur ?

Answer 5

The functional units are known as a nephrons.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The glomerulus and convoluted tubules of the nephron are located in the cortex of the kidney, while the collecting ducts are located in the pyramids of the kidney’s medulla

Question 6

What is the Anatomical position of the kidney ?

Answer 6

The kidneys lie retroperitoneally (behind the peritoneum) in the abdomen, either side of the vertebral column.

They typically extend from T12 to L3, although the right kidney is often situated slightly lower due to the presence of the liver. Each kidney is approximately three vertebrae in length.

The adrenal glands sit immediately superior to the kidneys within a separate envelope of the renal fascia.

Question 7

How does urine move through the kidneys?

Answer 7

renal cortext ( nephrons)
pyramidsin renal medulla
minor calyces
major calyces
renal pelvis
filtered out by ureter

Question 8

Where does the renal pelvis leave the kidneys ?

Answer 8

At the hilum

Question 9

What fat surrondes the kidneys ?

Answer 9

Perinephric fat

Question 10

Which Ureter is longer ?

Answer 10

The left ureter is usually 1 cm longer than the right, size varying with the position of the kidney.

Question 11

Where are the ureters most likely to constrict and result in stones ?

Answer 11

Uretal pelvic junction
Mid-ureter
Passing into the bladder

Question 12

Explain where the Trigone is and what is its importance ?

Answer 12

Urine enters the bladder through the left and right ureters, and exits via the urethra. Internally, these orifices are marked by the trigone – a triangular area located within the fundus.

Question 13

How is the bladder fixed to the anterior umbillical wall ?

Answer 13

By the median umbilical ligament

Question 14

How is the bladder connected to the pelvis in women?

Answer 14

Pubovesical ligament

Question 15

How is the bladder connected to the pelvis in men?

Answer 15

puboprostatic ligament

Question 16

Whats the outer and inner layers of the kidneys called?

Answer 16

Outer - Cortex
Inner - Meduula

Question 17

In between the pyramids are what?

Answer 17

Renal column

Question 18

What is the nephron made up of ?

Answer 18

Glomelurous and Renal Tubule

Question 19

Explain where the Bowmans capsule sits

Answer 19

Bowman’s capsule is a part of the nephron that forms a cup-like sack surrounding the glomerulus.

Question 20

What is the medical terminology for stones in the kidney?

Answer 20

nephrolithiasis

Question 21

What is the blood supply to the kidneys

Answer 21

right and left renal artery

Question 22

What is the function of the ureter ?

Answer 22

Transport urine

Question 23

What are the three openings of the bladder ?

Answer 23

The two openings for the ureters
One for the Urethra

Question 24

What is Benign prostatic Hyperplasia

Answer 24

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, is the most common benign tumor found in men

Question 25

Whos more likely to get a UTI males or females ?

Answer 25

Females Due to length of urethra

Question 26

What is the difference between primary and secondary retroperitoneal?

Answer 26

Primarily retroperitoneal organs developed and remain outside of the parietal peritoneum. The oesophagus, rectum and kidneys are all primarily retroperitoneal. Secondarily retroperitoneal organs were initially intraperitoneal, suspended by mesentery. Through the course of embryogenesis, they became retroperitoneal as their mesentery fused with the posterior abdominal wall. Thus, in adults, only their anterior surface is covered with peritoneum. Examples of secondarily retroperitoneal organs include the ascending and descending colon.

Question 27

Which structures are primary retroperitoneal?

Answer 27

Kidney adrenal glands abdominal aorta IVC ureters 1/3rd rectum and oesophagus.

Question 28

Which structures are secondary retroperitoneal?

Answer 28

Duodenum (Expect proximal part - duodenal cap) Pancreas (head neck and body) ascending colon descending colon

Question 29

Which structures are classed as intraperitoneal/subperitoneal? (Just below peritoneum)

Answer 29

Urinary Bladder Urethra Prostate Uterus Vagina Overies

Question 30

What is the function of the Adrenal glands ? What hormones do the medulla produce What hormones do the cortex produce

Answer 30

Secrete hormones Medulla - Catecholamines Cortex - Glucocortacoids (eg cortisol)

Question 31

Gross heamaturia vs Microscopic haematuria

Answer 31

Gross - You can see the pink/red blood Micro - cant see the blood Must do a urinalysis to detect the blood if its micrscopic

Question 32

Best imaging for nephrolithiasis

Answer 32

CT scan - To determine size of stone

Question 33

What type of image is shown below and what view is it?

Answer 33

CT - Sagital

Question 34

In the image above identify the following: * Diaphragm, kidney, major calyx, posterior abdominal walls, renal pelvis, renal cortex, renal pyramid

Question 35

Is this the left or the right kidney? What’s your reasoning?

Answer 35

Right because you can see the liver.

Question 36

Whats retroperitoneal ? Think SADPUCKER

Answer 36

Question 37

What is important about the left renal vein vs. the right renal vein? Think about length and contributions.

Answer 37

The left renal vein is longer than the right as it travels across the IVC, which lies on the right side of the vertebral column. The left drains more than the right, and the left gonadal vein can be necessary in testicular conditions in male varicocele.

Question 38

What is A? Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 38

Inferior phrenic artery Inferior diaphragm and adrenal gland

Question 39

What is B ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 39

Celiac Trunk Foregut

Question 40

What is C ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 40

Middle Supra renal artery Adrenal gland

Question 41

What is D ? Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 41

Left renal artery Kidneys

Question 42

What is E ?Artery and the organs it supplies

Answer 42

Superior mesenteric artery Midgut

Question 43

What is F ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 43

Inferior mesenteric Hindgut

Question 44

What is G ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 44

Median sacral artery L4, L5, SACRUM, COCCYX, AND PART OF RECTUM

Question 45

What is H ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 45

Common illiac artery Lower Limb

Question 46

What is I ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 46

Lumbar arteries Spinal chord

Question 47

What is J ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 47

Testicular/ovarian arteries Testies/Ovaries

Question 48

What is K ?Artery and the organ it supplies

Answer 48

Middle suprarenal artery Adrenal

Question 49

What are the functions of the adrenal glands and what body system is it part of?

Answer 49

Hormone production, regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure Endocrine system

Question 50

The right and left adrenal glands generally have different anatomical shapes. What are they?

Answer 50

Right pyramid shape Left semi lumar shape No reason why

Question 51

What is this scan ? What do the two arrows show

Answer 51

CT scan. White - Normal adrenal gland Black - Pheochromocytoma

Question 52

What clinical condition is present in the below image?

Answer 52

Stone in the right and left kidneys. Staghorn Calculi - Branches of kidney stones filling the renal pelvis.

Question 53

What forms kidney stones?

Answer 53

Hereditary What we eat Dehydration Microscopic crystals form and accumulate - usually from calcium oxalate, magnesium ammonia phosphate, uric acid or cystine but can be from others or a combination of some/ all. MOST COMMONLY CALCIUM OXALATE

Question 54

Identify which narrowings these kidney stones are present in in the below images?

Answer 54

Ureterovesical junction

Question 55

Identify which narrowings these kidney stones are present in in the below images?

Answer 55

Ureteropelvic junction

Question 56

Identify which narrowings these kidney stones are present in in the below images?

Answer 56

Mid-Ureter

Question 57

On the diagram below, draw where pain from a left renal colic could potentially be felt by a patient. Identify the dermatomes involved.

Answer 57

T11-L2 can also include the grown pain despite in S2/3.

Question 58

During development there can be abnormalities that change the anatomy and location of the kidneys. What abnormalities are present in the images below? What type of imagine is this ?

Answer 58

Horseshoe kidneys - They are fused together MRI

Question 59

During development there can be abnormalities that change the anatomy and location of the kidneys. What abnormalities are present in the images below?

Answer 59

Pelvic Kidney - Descended Kidney towards Pelvis

Question 60

Should you refer someone with a new onset varicocele in case of cancer?

Answer 60

YES

Question 61

headaches heavy sweating a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) high blood pressure !!!!! a pale face feeling or being sick feeling anxious or panicky shakiness (tremor) What could this be ?

Answer 61

Phaeochromocytoma

Question 62

Young women 4 UTIs per year what are you thinking ? 32 years old

Answer 62

Diabetes

Question 63

Is right or left colon more at risk of cancers ?

Answer 63

Left because bulkier stool