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Phys of Domestic Animals 1 > Renal Phys > Flashcards

Renal Phys Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of kidneys

A

excretion of waste, regulate blood volume, electrolyte compostion, and pH, production of hormones and active agents, and gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

what is excreted in the waste

A

AA breakdown products such as urea and NH3, creatinine-creatinine phosphate, and drugs

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3
Q

how much protein and glucose should be in the urine

A

0 grams

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4
Q

where does the renal artery enter the kidney

A

thru the hilum

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5
Q

what does the renal artery progressively form in the kidney

A

interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries

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6
Q

where are the large amounts of fluid and solutes filtered for urination

A

the glomerular capillaries

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7
Q

what does the distal end of the capillaries of each golmerulus coalesce form

A

the efferent arteriole which leads to a second capillary network (peritubular capillaries) that surrounds the renal tubules

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8
Q

what do the arterioles help regulate

A

the hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

what does high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries cause

A

rapid fluid filtration

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10
Q

what does a low hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillaries cause

A

rapid fluid reabsorption

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11
Q

what is the function of antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP)

A

it regulates the amount of glomerular filtration rate of the two kidneys the pro urine is around 90% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and descending limb of Henle’s loop the remaining fluid is then reabsorbed in the collecting duct

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12
Q

what is the ureter

A

a muscular tube composed of an inner longitudinal layer and an outer circular layer of smooth muscle that connects the kidney and the bladder

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13
Q

what is the lumen of the ureter covered by

A

the transitional epithelium

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14
Q

what is another name for the transitional epithelium

A

urothelium

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15
Q

what is detrusor muscle

A

irregular crisscrossing bands of smooth muscle that comprise the bladder

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16
Q

what is the interior surface of the bladder made of

A

transitional cellular epithelium that is structurally suited for the large volume fluctuations of the bladder

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17
Q

does the strengh of contraction of the detrusor muscle deminsih over time

A

yes

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18
Q

what do voluntary contractions of abdominal skeletal muscles increase to promote a more forceful bladder

A

intra abdominal pressure

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19
Q

what are other moments where the intra abdominal pressure increases

A

during forceful defecation or childbirth

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20
Q

what is the renal fat pad

A

a shock absorbing layer of adipose tissue that covers the fibrous capsule

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21
Q

what is the fibrous capsule

A

irregular connective tissure that holds the shape of the kidney vascule and protects it

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22
Q

what is the renal fat pad covered with

A

tough renal fasica

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23
Q

what holds the kidneys in their postion in the abdominal cavity

A

the fasica and the overlying peritoneum

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24
Q

what does the afferent arterioles branch from

A

the cortical arteries

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25
Q

what do the afferent arterioles form

A

the glomerulus of the nephron

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26
Q

what is the nephron

A

the functional filtration unit of the kidney

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27
Q

what are juxtaglomerular cells or granular cells

A

cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin that are specialized SM cells that are mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles and some in the efferent arterioles that deliver blood to the glomerulus

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28
Q

what does synthesizing renin play a critical role in

A

the renin angiotensin system and the autoregulation of the kidney

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29
Q

what causes the juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin

A

due to a drop in pressure detected by stretch receptors in the vascular wall or when stimulated by macula densa cells

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30
Q

where are the macula densa cells located

A

in the distal convoluted tubule

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31
Q

what do the macula densa cells stimulate in juxtaglomerular cells

A

the release of renin when they detect a drop in sodium concentration in tubular fluid

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32
Q

what is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and macula densa cells

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33
Q

what do beta 1 adrenergic receptors in juxtaglomerular cells do when stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine

A

they induce the secretion of renin and decrease systemic blood pressure

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34
Q

what is the connecting vessel between the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

A

the efferent arteriole

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35
Q

what are the four principal functions of urine formation

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and osmoconcentration

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36
Q

what are podocytes

A

specialized epithelial cells that cover the network of capillaries in the glomerulus

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37
Q

what are podocyte foot processes connected by

A

nephrin

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38
Q

what is the filtration co efficient the product of

A

a biological membrane’s permeability to water and the surface area of the membrane

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39
Q

formula for KP

A

surface area * permeability

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40
Q

formula for GFR

A

NFP * KP

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41
Q

what is filtration regulated by

A

fenestrations in capillary endothelial cells, podocytes w/ filtration slits, membrane charge (negatively charged), and the basement membrane between capillary cells

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42
Q

what is the glomerular basement membrane

A

a layer of connective tissue that surrounds glomerular filtration

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43
Q

what is the creation of glomerulus filtration

A

a filtrate that does not contain cells or large proteins and has a slight predominance of positively charged substances

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44
Q

what is filtration further optimized by

A

regulation of blood flow

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45
Q

t/f: less substances move across the membranes of the PCT than any other portion of the nephron

A

false, more substances move across the PCT

46
Q

what are secondary mechanisms where substances are moved from one side of the PCT membrane to the other

A

antiport active transport, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion

47
Q

what are the substances that are transported w/ Na+ on the apical side of the membrane

A

Cl-, Ca++, AA, glucose, (PO4)3-

48
Q

what is Na exchanged w/ on the basal membrane

A

K+

49
Q

about what percentage of water, Na+, and K+ is reabsorbed in the PCT

A

67%

50
Q

t/f: 100% of glucose, AA, and other organic substances such as vitamins are recovered in the PCT

A

true

51
Q

what would cause glucose to be present in urine

A

if glucose levels are so high that all the transporters in the PCT are saturated

52
Q

what does glycosuria typically points to

A

type 1 or type 2 diabetes

53
Q

what binds simultaneously to the same symport protein on the the apical surface of the cell to be transported toward the interstital space

A

glucose and Na+

54
Q

describe how Na+ and glucose move together

A

Na moves down its electrochemical and concentration gradient into the cell and takes glucose w/ it Na+ which then actively pumps out of the cell at the basal surface of the cell into the interstitial space

55
Q

how does glucose leaves the cell to enter the interstitial space

A

facilitated diffusion

56
Q

what is a vital to the maintenance of acid base balance

A

recovery of bicarbonate

57
Q

what does CO2 in the transportation of RBC’s of the stomach and pancreas produce

A

hydrochloric acid and HCO3

58
Q

what happens w/ HCO3- ions in lumen of the PCT

A

it combines w/ hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid which catalyzed into CO2 and water which diffuses across the apical membrane into the cell water then moves osmotically across the lipid bilayer due to the presence of aquaporin water channels

59
Q

what does the reverse reaction in the cell produce

A

bicarbonate ions

60
Q

what does the Na+/H+ antiporter do

A

excretes H+ and recovers Na+

61
Q

what does PCT stand for

A

proximal convoluted tubule

62
Q

what is the function of aquaporins

A

to allow movement of water across the lipid rich hyrophobic cell membrane

63
Q

what happens when the collecting ducts are stimulated by ADH

A

aquaporin channel proteins are inserted which allows water to bass into the interstitial space to be recovered by the vasa recta

64
Q

what does the process of ADH stimulating the collection ducts allow

A

for water to be recovered from filtrate and put back into the blood

65
Q

what does simple diffusion remove from the PCT

A

Cl-

66
Q

what is the loop of Henle

A

the middle section of the nephron that has permanent aquaporin channel proteins and is where most reabsorption happens

67
Q

what does the permant aquaporin channel proteins allow

A

unrestricted movement of water

68
Q

what does increased interstitial osmolarity result in

A

reabsorption of up to 15% of the water filtrate allowing for small amounts of urea, Na+, and other ions to be recovered

69
Q

characteristics of the descending part of the loop of Henle

A

the thin segment is highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to most solutes, but has few mitochondria and little to no active reabsorption

70
Q

characteristics of the ascending part of the loop of Henle

A

the thick segment reabsorbs about 25% of the filtered Na, Cl, and K as well as large amounts of Ca, bicarb, and Mg and secretes H+ into the tubular lumen

71
Q

what does removal of Na+ in the ascending loop of Henle lead to

A

a hypo-osmotic filtrate by the time it reaches the distal tubule

72
Q

what does pumping Na+ into the interstitial space contribute to

A

the hyperosmotic environment of the kidney medulla

73
Q

what does the structure of the loop of Henle and its capillary network create

A

a countercurrent multiplier system

74
Q

what is the baroreceptor flex trigger

A

an increase in sympathetic activity when systemic BP drops stimulates renin

75
Q

what two things leads to an enzyme reaction in the blood that produces angiotensin 1

A

when the macula densa senses low fluid flow or low Na+ concentration signalling the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin and when the liver releases angiotensinogen

76
Q

what causes a secondary enzyme reaction in the blood turning angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

A

when the lungs release angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) into the blood

77
Q

what does angiotensin 2 stimulate

A

widespread vasoconstriction

78
Q

what does widespread vasoconstriction cause the adrenal cortex to secrete

A

aldosterone

79
Q

what does aldosterone stimulate

A

an increase in the amount of Na+/K+ ATPase in the basal membrane of the DCT and the collecting ducts

80
Q

what is DCT

A

distal convoluted tubule

81
Q

about how much filtered water will be recovered in the DCT in addition to the 80% already recovered

A

10-15%

82
Q

what does increasing the amount of Na+/K+ ATPase in the basal membrane of the DCT and collectng duct do

A

the movement of Na+ out of the lumen of the collecting duct creates a negative charge that promotes the movement of Cl- out of the lumen into the interstitial space by a paracellular rout across tight junctions

83
Q

what do peritubular capillaries do with the solutes and water it recieves from the DCT and collecting ducts

A

it returns them to the circulation

84
Q

what all does angiotensin 2 in the blood trigger

A

increase in sympathetic activity, increase in tubular Na+ and Cl- reabsorption, K+ excretion, water retention, aldosterone secretion, arteriolar vasoconstriction, increase in BP, and ADH secretion

85
Q

what does NFP stand for

A

Net filtration pressure

86
Q

what is atrial natrueretic peptide produced b

A

the stretch of the atria stimulates the production of ANP

87
Q

what is the typical pH of blood

A

7.4

88
Q

what is a huge part of maintaining blood pH

A

bicarbonate and CO2

89
Q

what does it mean when there is more CO2 present in the blood

A

more H+ end up being present in the blood making it more acidic (higher number)

90
Q

what are the steps to returning the pH balance when the pH is too high

A

alkalosis, stimulating the brain and arterial receptors, decreasing resp rate, increasing blood CO2, and increasing blood H2CO3

91
Q

what are the steps to returning the pH balance when pH is too low

A

acidosis, stimulating the brain and arterial receptors, increasing resp rate, decreasing blood CO2, and decreasing blood H2CO3

92
Q

what are the steps to supplying bicarbonate ions to the bicarbonate buffer system

A

Na+ are reabsorbed from the filtrate in exchange for H+ by an antiport mechansim in the apical membranes of cells lining the renal tubule, the cells produce bicarb ions that can be shunted to peritubular capillaries, when CO2 is available, the reaction is driven to the formation of carbonic acid which dissociates to form a bicarb ion and a H+, finally the bicarb ion passes into the pertubular capillaries and returns to the blood the H+ is secreted into the filtrate where it can become part of new water molecules and be reabsorbed as such or removed in urine

93
Q

what is the renal papilla

A

where the renal pyramids in teh medulla empty urine into the minor calyx

94
Q

what is the renal papilla histologically marked by

A

the medullary collecting ducts converging to form a papillary duct to channel the fluid

95
Q

what is the renal cortex

A

the outer region of the kidney

96
Q

what is the medulla

A

the inner region of the kidney

97
Q

what are the renal columns

A

the connective tissue extensions that radiate downward from the cortex thru the medulla to separate the renal pyramids and renal papillae

98
Q

what are papillae

A

bundles of collecting ducts that transport urine made by nephrons to the calyces of the kidney for excretion

99
Q

what is order of the renal vascular system starting w/ the renal artery

A

segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capaillaries, vasa recta, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, and renin vein

100
Q

what are the three funtions of nephron

A

ultrafiltration, selective resborption, and osmoregulation

101
Q

what is ultrafiltration

A

blood is filtered out of the glomerulus at the bowman’s capsule to form filtrate

102
Q

what is selective reabsorption

A

unsable materials are reabsorbed in convoluted tubules (both proximal and distal)

103
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

the loop of henle establishes a salt gradient, which draws water out of the collecting duct

104
Q

t/f: the tubules in a nephron dont have a distinct macro- and micro- anatomical organization

A

false they do have a distinct macro and micro section

105
Q

what is active transport

A

the movement of materials against a concentration gradient and requires an expenditure of energy

106
Q

what is primary active transport

A

the direct use of hydrolysis of ATP in active transport

107
Q

what is secondary active transport

A

the use of coupling transport of another molecule moving along its electrochemical gradient

108
Q

what is co transport

A

coupled transport of two distinct molecules in unisyn

109
Q

what is a symport

A

two molecules that are transported in the same direction

110
Q

what is a antiport

A

two molecules that are transported in the opposite direction

111
Q

what does primary active transport of Na+ on the basolateral surface create

A

Na+ gradient

112
Q

t/f: more substances move across the membrane of the PCT than any other portion of the nephron

A

true

Phys of Domestic Animals 1 (4 decks)

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