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Phys of Domestic Animals 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

the plasma membrane as a ‘mosaic’ of components that are able to flow and change position while maintaining the basic integrity of the membrane

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2
Q

how are lipids and proteins associated w/ the membrane due to fluidity of the lipids

A

rapidly and laterally

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3
Q

what molecules can cross the selective barrier of the semipermeable membrane

A

dissolved gases, water, non polar molecules, and small polar molecules

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4
Q

t/f: most molecules cannot easily cross the cell membrane

A

true

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5
Q

how does the cell membrane of the nuclear envelope, mitochonria, intracellular vesicles, ER and golgi apparatus differ

A

their protein composition

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6
Q

what are the organelles of the endomembrane system

A

ER, golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes

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7
Q

how is material moved from one organelle to another

A

vesicles

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8
Q

what is the ER

A

a system of membrane enclosed sacs and tubules in the cell

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9
Q

what are the three roles of the rough ER

A

synthesis of proteins designed to be secreted from the cell, inserted in the membrane, and delivered to another membrane organelle

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10
Q

what are the two main functions of the SER

A

synthesis of lipids and generating vesicles for transported proteins to the golgi

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11
Q

what is another role of the ER

A

intracellular Ca storage

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12
Q

what are cytosolic proteins

A

distinct types of secretory proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

what happens if you interrupt ribosomes forming protein

A

they will fall off the RER

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14
Q

what types of proteins are produced by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

proteins for the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes

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15
Q

what types of proteins are produced by the ribosomes bound to the ER

A

plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, endosomes which move into lysosomes

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16
Q

what was the fate of proteins designed to be secreted by the cell or residein the lumen of the Golgi

A

it will pass all the way through into the lumen of the RER

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17
Q

what is the fate of the proteins designed for the plasma membranes or the membrane of other organelles

A

they are retained w/in the membrane of the RER and can become anchored in the membrane becoming hydrophobic

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18
Q

where do proteins first become glycosylated

A

in the RER

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19
Q

what is proteins becoming glycosylated in the rough ER an example of

A

post translational modification

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20
Q

where is glycosylation presented on the cell membrane

A

on the extracellular side

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21
Q

what is the structure of the SER like

A

tubular disc like structure

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22
Q

what does the SER produce for the adrenal cortex

A

produces cells that secrete steroid hormones

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23
Q

what does the SER produce for the liver

A

hepatocytes that synthesis lipids for secretion of lipoproteins

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24
Q

what does the SER in muscle cells do for the cells

A

they help expand and specialize the form

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25
Q

t/f: the golgi does not have directionality

A

false, their is an orientation of flow

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26
Q

what is the cis face of the golgi

A

the recieving side from the ER

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27
Q

what is the trans face of the golgi

A

the side that ships materials to other organelles

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28
Q

what are the main functions of the golgi

A

transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for a targeted destinations

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29
Q

what post translational modifications are preformed by the golgi

A

glycosylation, sulfation, and phosphorylation

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30
Q

what is glycosylation

A

addition or removal of sugars from cargo proteins

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31
Q

what is sulfation

A

the addition of sulfate groups

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32
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

the addition of phosphate groups

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33
Q

what are the three fates of materials leaving the golgi

A

targeting to other organelles, incorporation into dense core secretory vesicles that are stored and later released throug the regulated secretory pathway, and vesicles containing membrane and proteins that are immediately released to the surface via constitutie secretory pathway

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34
Q

what is the pathway of materials leaving the golgi

A

trans face of the golgi to the vesicle to the membrane to the outside world OR trans face of the golgi to the vesicles to wait to secrete

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35
Q

essentially what are lysosomes

A

the recycling centers for the cell to break stuff down

36
Q

how are lysosmes formed

A

by the fusion of vesicles that have budded off from the trans golgi and endosomes

37
Q

what is the lumen of a lysosme like compared to the cytoplasm

A

it is more acidic

38
Q

what does the acidic environment of the lumen of the lysosme do

A

it activates the hydrolases and limits the activity if they exit

39
Q

what are phagosomes

A

vesicles that pinch off from te cells plasma membrane that are processed in the lysosomes

40
Q

what organelle is responsible for degrading defective organelles

A

lysosomes

41
Q

what type of network is ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, and associated vesicles

A

a discontinuous network w/ functions related to lipid and protein synthesis

42
Q

what is the process that must happen for successful movement of material thru the endomembrane system

A

vesicles must be created , then addressed so that they go to the correct target, then they must be moved to the target, then they must be bound to the target

43
Q

what are the steps of forming coat proteins

A

assemble at the membrane forced by a lipid bilayer to begin to bend, they select the cargo that is packaged into forming vesicles, they fall into the shape of a sphere, then they pinch off from the membrane followed by the the coat falling off

44
Q

what is the protein that forms coat proteins

A

clathrin

45
Q

Are coat proteins specific to the organelle

A

yes

46
Q

what are the two coat protein complexs

A

COP1 and COP2

47
Q

what are snares

A

complementary proteins on the vesicles

48
Q

what are the two types of snares coat proteins are comprised of

A

v snares and t snares

49
Q

how do vesicles move to the target w/ a short distance

A

via diffusion

50
Q

how do vesicles move to the target w/ a long distance

A

via microtubules on motor proteins

51
Q

t/f: vesicles can only move individually

A

false, they can move individually or fussed together and move in masses

52
Q

what is the fusion complex

A

association of v snares and t snares of the vesicles and the membrane of the target organelle

53
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the movement of material from the extracellular environment into the cell

54
Q

t/f: there is a pH drop during endocytosis

A

true

55
Q

what are the steps of endocytosis

A

the macromolecues outside the cell bind to membrane proteins that act as receptors, the membrane folds in and pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle, then the vesicle fuses w/ an early endosome releasing the cargo and recycling the empty receptors, the once early endosome now late endosome recieves digestive enzymes from the golgi, and finally the late endosome matures into a functional lysosome and digests the endocyosed macromolecules

56
Q

what is the cytoskeleton comprised of

A

they are arranged from long filaments and are anchored to the membrane by cell to cell junctions

57
Q

what are the 3 types of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

58
Q

describe microtubules

A

the largest type of filament comprised of a protein called tubulin

59
Q

describe actin filaments

A

aka microfilaments that are the smallest type comprised of a protein called actin

60
Q

describe intermediate filaments

A

constructed from different types of subunit proteins that depend on the cell type

61
Q

what are the two protein subunits tubulin contains

A

alpha and beta tubulin

62
Q

what constructs the strands of each subunit

A

dimers

63
Q

what is polymerization

A

the addition of tubulin subunits

64
Q

t/f: microtubules have no directionality

A

FALSE

65
Q

what is the negative end of a microtubule anchored to

A

the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

66
Q

what is the primary MTOC in most cells called

A

the centrosome

67
Q

where does the microtubule network radiate from in non diving cells

A

centioles

68
Q

what do protein motors link to in order to move material along the microtubule

A

cargo such as vesicles

69
Q

definition of kinesins

A

move toward the plus ends of the microtubules

70
Q

definition of dynein

A

moves toward the minus end

71
Q

t/f: the directionality of proteins is negative to positive

A

true

72
Q

in what type of cells is actin abundant

A

eukaryotic

73
Q

what does hydrolyzing ATP do to actin filaments ability to polarize it

A

it decreases

74
Q

what does each actin protein have

A

an ATP binding/hydrolyzing domain

75
Q

what is a G actin

A

individual actin filaments

76
Q

what is a F actin

A

mutiple G actin bound together

77
Q

what is a binding site for ATP or ADP

A

G actin

78
Q

are intermediate filaments more or less dynamic than actin filaments

A

less

79
Q

what is primarily function of intermediate filaments

A

mechanical

80
Q

what does intermediate filaments working in tandem w/ microtubules provide

A

strength and support

81
Q

what do actin filaments use to transport intracellular organelles and other cellular material

A

myosin

82
Q

what does myosin have that binds to actin filaments and hydrolyzes ATP

A

motor domains

83
Q

where does a domain link to the cargo

A

the C terminus

84
Q

what is ATPase

A

the process of actin grabbing myosin

85
Q

what do actin filaments attach to

A

adherens junctions and tight junctions

86
Q

what do intermediate filaments attach to

A

desmosomes and hemi desmosomes

Phys of Domestic Animals 1 (4 decks)

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