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Phys of Domestic Animals 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

the plasma membrane as a ‘mosaic’ of components that are able to flow and change position while maintaining the basic integrity of the membrane

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2
Q

how are lipids and proteins associated w/ the membrane due to fluidity of the lipids

A

rapidly and laterally

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3
Q

what molecules can cross the selective barrier of the semipermeable membrane

A

dissolved gases, water, non polar molecules, and small polar molecules

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4
Q

t/f: most molecules cannot easily cross the cell membrane

A

true

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5
Q

how does the cell membrane of the nuclear envelope, mitochonria, intracellular vesicles, ER and golgi apparatus differ

A

their protein composition

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6
Q

what are the organelles of the endomembrane system

A

ER, golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes

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7
Q

how is material moved from one organelle to another

A

vesicles

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8
Q

what is the ER

A

a system of membrane enclosed sacs and tubules in the cell

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9
Q

what are the three roles of the rough ER

A

synthesis of proteins designed to be secreted from the cell, inserted in the membrane, and delivered to another membrane organelle

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10
Q

what are the two main functions of the SER

A

synthesis of lipids and generating vesicles for transported proteins to the golgi

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11
Q

what is another role of the ER

A

intracellular Ca storage

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12
Q

what are cytosolic proteins

A

distinct types of secretory proteins that are synthesized by ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm

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13
Q

what happens if you interrupt ribosomes forming protein

A

they will fall off the RER

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14
Q

what types of proteins are produced by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

proteins for the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes

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15
Q

what types of proteins are produced by the ribosomes bound to the ER

A

plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, endosomes which move into lysosomes

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16
Q

what was the fate of proteins designed to be secreted by the cell or residein the lumen of the Golgi

A

it will pass all the way through into the lumen of the RER

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17
Q

what is the fate of the proteins designed for the plasma membranes or the membrane of other organelles

A

they are retained w/in the membrane of the RER and can become anchored in the membrane becoming hydrophobic

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18
Q

where do proteins first become glycosylated

A

in the RER

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19
Q

what is proteins becoming glycosylated in the rough ER an example of

A

post translational modification

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20
Q

where is glycosylation presented on the cell membrane

A

on the extracellular side

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21
Q

what is the structure of the SER like

A

tubular disc like structure

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22
Q

what does the SER produce for the adrenal cortex

A

produces cells that secrete steroid hormones

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23
Q

what does the SER produce for the liver

A

hepatocytes that synthesis lipids for secretion of lipoproteins

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24
Q

what does the SER in muscle cells do for the cells

A

they help expand and specialize the form

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25
t/f: the golgi does not have directionality
false, their is an orientation of flow
26
what is the cis face of the golgi
the recieving side from the ER
27
what is the trans face of the golgi
the side that ships materials to other organelles
28
what are the main functions of the golgi
transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for a targeted destinations
29
what post translational modifications are preformed by the golgi
glycosylation, sulfation, and phosphorylation
30
what is glycosylation
addition or removal of sugars from cargo proteins
31
what is sulfation
the addition of sulfate groups
32
what is phosphorylation
the addition of phosphate groups
33
what are the three fates of materials leaving the golgi
targeting to other organelles, incorporation into dense core secretory vesicles that are stored and later released throug the regulated secretory pathway, and vesicles containing membrane and proteins that are immediately released to the surface via constitutie secretory pathway
34
what is the pathway of materials leaving the golgi
trans face of the golgi to the vesicle to the membrane to the outside world OR trans face of the golgi to the vesicles to wait to secrete
35
essentially what are lysosomes
the recycling centers for the cell to break stuff down
36
how are lysosmes formed
by the fusion of vesicles that have budded off from the trans golgi and endosomes
37
what is the lumen of a lysosme like compared to the cytoplasm
it is more acidic
38
what does the acidic environment of the lumen of the lysosme do
it activates the hydrolases and limits the activity if they exit
39
what are phagosomes
vesicles that pinch off from te cells plasma membrane that are processed in the lysosomes
40
what organelle is responsible for degrading defective organelles
lysosomes
41
what type of network is ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, and associated vesicles
a discontinuous network w/ functions related to lipid and protein synthesis
42
what is the process that must happen for successful movement of material thru the endomembrane system
vesicles must be created , then addressed so that they go to the correct target, then they must be moved to the target, then they must be bound to the target
43
what are the steps of forming coat proteins
assemble at the membrane forced by a lipid bilayer to begin to bend, they select the cargo that is packaged into forming vesicles, they fall into the shape of a sphere, then they pinch off from the membrane followed by the the coat falling off
44
what is the protein that forms coat proteins
clathrin
45
Are coat proteins specific to the organelle
yes
46
what are the two coat protein complexs
COP1 and COP2
47
what are snares
complementary proteins on the vesicles
48
what are the two types of snares coat proteins are comprised of
v snares and t snares
49
how do vesicles move to the target w/ a short distance
via diffusion
50
how do vesicles move to the target w/ a long distance
via microtubules on motor proteins
51
t/f: vesicles can only move individually
false, they can move individually or fussed together and move in masses
52
what is the fusion complex
association of v snares and t snares of the vesicles and the membrane of the target organelle
53
what is endocytosis
the movement of material from the extracellular environment into the cell
54
t/f: there is a pH drop during endocytosis
true
55
what are the steps of endocytosis
the macromolecues outside the cell bind to membrane proteins that act as receptors, the membrane folds in and pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle, then the vesicle fuses w/ an early endosome releasing the cargo and recycling the empty receptors, the once early endosome now late endosome recieves digestive enzymes from the golgi, and finally the late endosome matures into a functional lysosome and digests the endocyosed macromolecules
56
what is the cytoskeleton comprised of
they are arranged from long filaments and are anchored to the membrane by cell to cell junctions
57
what are the 3 types of cytoskeleton
microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
58
describe microtubules
the largest type of filament comprised of a protein called tubulin
59
describe actin filaments
aka microfilaments that are the smallest type comprised of a protein called actin
60
describe intermediate filaments
constructed from different types of subunit proteins that depend on the cell type
61
what are the two protein subunits tubulin contains
alpha and beta tubulin
62
what constructs the strands of each subunit
dimers
63
what is polymerization
the addition of tubulin subunits
64
t/f: microtubules have no directionality
FALSE
65
what is the negative end of a microtubule anchored to
the microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
66
what is the primary MTOC in most cells called
the centrosome
67
where does the microtubule network radiate from in non diving cells
centioles
68
what do protein motors link to in order to move material along the microtubule
cargo such as vesicles
69
definition of kinesins
move toward the plus ends of the microtubules
70
definition of dynein
moves toward the minus end
71
t/f: the directionality of proteins is negative to positive
true
72
in what type of cells is actin abundant
eukaryotic
73
what does hydrolyzing ATP do to actin filaments ability to polarize it
it decreases
74
what does each actin protein have
an ATP binding/hydrolyzing domain
75
what is a G actin
individual actin filaments
76
what is a F actin
mutiple G actin bound together
77
what is a binding site for ATP or ADP
G actin
78
are intermediate filaments more or less dynamic than actin filaments
less
79
what is primarily function of intermediate filaments
mechanical
80
what does intermediate filaments working in tandem w/ microtubules provide
strength and support
81
what do actin filaments use to transport intracellular organelles and other cellular material
myosin
82
what does myosin have that binds to actin filaments and hydrolyzes ATP
motor domains
83
where does a domain link to the cargo
the C terminus
84
what is ATPase
the process of actin grabbing myosin
85
what do actin filaments attach to
adherens junctions and tight junctions
86
what do intermediate filaments attach to
desmosomes and hemi desmosomes

Phys of Domestic Animals 1 (4 decks)

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