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BDS2 BAMS Renal > Renal Outflow Disease > Flashcards

Renal Outflow Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different urinary tract diseases

A

UTI
urinary tract obstruction
urinary tract malignancy

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2
Q

What can be the causes of urinary tract obstruction

A

renal calculi
prostatic disease
urinary tract strictures
external compression

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3
Q

Why do UTIs happen

A

Infection has got in through the exit of the urethra

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4
Q

What do the ascending bacteria in a UTI do

A

They will irritate, colonies and destroy parts of the epithelium
They will attract invasion of inflammatory cells to get rid of the infection
There will be an increased blood flow

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5
Q

If there are white blood cells, red blood cells and proteins in the urine what are these indicating

A

kidney disease, inflammatory changes or neoplastic changes

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6
Q

Why is UTI commoner to women

A

due to anatomy

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7
Q

What is the most common bacteria to cause a UTI

A

E.Coli

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8
Q

What other organisms could cause a UTI

A

staph, fungi, virus and TB

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9
Q

What is the effect of urine on perineal organisms

A

bacteriastatic

doesn’t kill them but stops them from reproducing

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10
Q

What is cystitis

A

bladder inflammation

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11
Q

What are predisposing factors to a UTI

A

poor bladder emptying

low urinary flow rates

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12
Q

Does urine have bacteria in it

A

Urine should not

it is sterile

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13
Q

What does detecting any bacteria in urine imply

A

infection

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14
Q

What is skin contamination of urine

A

The first stream of urine to come out is often contaminated but the next bit of urine should be sterile

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15
Q

What is indicative of an infection as well regarding urine

A

white cells

blood

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16
Q

When should the urine sample be collected

A

mid stream

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17
Q

What is supra pubic sampling

A

Suprapubic aspiration and catheterization is a procedure to obtain uncontaminated urine from the urinary bladder

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18
Q

How is supra pubic sampling done

A

You can put a catheter through the bottom of the abdomen or go through the urethra

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19
Q

If urine is infected what can it cause

A

cystitis
renal infection
prostate infection

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20
Q

What can cause urethritis in isolation, without cystitis

A

Gonorrhea

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of a UTI

A 
dysuria 
urinary frequency
cloudy urine 
offensive smelling urine
supra-pubic pain
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22
Q

How is a UTI diagnosed

A

MSSU only (less contamination)

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23
Q

What is done to the urine in the lab

A

microscopy, culture and sensitivity

look for cells, try and culture the organism from that and see which antibiotics work

24
Q

How is a UTI treated

A

increased fluid intake
frequent micturition
occasionally antibiotics required

25
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat a UTI

A

trimethoprim

amoxycillin

26
Q

When do we give antibiotic

A

when we start to see systemic signs and symptoms

27
Q

Where does the prostate sit

A

underneath the bladder

28
Q

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

gets bigger and so becomes smaller on the inside squeezing the urethra

29
Q

How can prostate disease lead to urinary tract obstruction

A

hypertrophy

prostatic malignancy

30
Q

What is prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate

31
Q

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

hyperplasia of the prostate

32
Q

What is prostatic cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

33
Q

What does prostatitis result in

A

inflammation of bladder, narrowing of tube and inflammation and discomfort around the prostate itself

34
Q

What are symptoms of urine outflow obstruction

A 
slow stream
hesitancy 
frequency 
urgency 
nocturia
incomplete voiding
35
Q

What is the treatment for BPH

A

initially drug based

may require surgery - prostatectomy

36
Q

What is the drug used for benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

alpha-adrenergic antagonist

37
Q

What are the two types of prostatectomy

A

transurethral prostatectomy

open prostatectomy

38
Q

What is transurethral prostatectomy

A

A transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is surgery to remove parts of the prostate gland through the penis

39
Q

What is an open prostatectomy

A

Open prostatectomy is a traditional “open” surgical procedure, which means the surgeon accesses the prostate gland through a standard surgical incision

40
Q

What are risks of prostatectomy

A

damage to sphincter of the bladder causing incompetence

41
Q

When does prostatic malignancy usually start

A

> 45 YO

42
Q

Is prostatic malignancy symptomatic

A

Not usually - normally not the cause of death

43
Q

Why is PSA not used for screening

A

It is not always diagnostic

problems with specificity and sensitivity

44
Q

What is PSA useful for

A

monitoring disease activity in those known to have disease

45
Q

What is the treatment of prostatic malignancy

A

surgery
radiotherapy
hormone treatment

46
Q

What surgery is done for prostatic malignancy

A

radical prostatectomy

47
Q

What are issues with radical prostatectomy

A

can lead to incompetence problems

48
Q

What can radiotherapy do

A

it can help slow it down

49
Q

What is the hormone treatment for prostatic malignancy

A

anti-androgens and LHRH analogues

50
Q

Why are anti androgens used for prostatic malignancy

A

testosterone will make the cancer grow so we block testosterone and use Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone instead

51
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone do

A

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs lower your body’s ability to make testosterone to very low levels

52
Q

Where can you develop renal calculi

A

in the kidney

in the bladder

53
Q

What are the different stone types for renal calculi

A 
calcium and oxalate (radiopaque)
uric acid (not radiopaque(
54
Q

How do you treat renal calculi

A

lithotrypsy

55
Q

How does lithotripsy work

A

uses shock waves (pulses of energy) to break up the stones

BDS2 BAMS Renal (3 decks)

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