Renal Najeeb Flashcards
The amount of creatinine in the blood is a measure of:
renal Function
If you eat an excessive amount of meat, in a short amount of time, the levels of ___ in your blood goes up.
Urea in your blood
What can cause urea levels in your blood to rise?
MANY conditions, including:
- Excessive sweating (dehydration),
- severe diarrhea (dehydration),
- excessive vomiting (dehydration),
- polyuria (dehydration);
- high-protein diet;
- renal Failure
The gold standard measurement / Lab value for checking renal Function is:
Serum creatinine
A person with 2 healthy kidneys has ___ nephrons in his body
2 – 2.5 million nephrons TOTAL in his body;
(~1 million nephrons PER kidney)
Can a highly lipid-soluble Drug be eliminated from the body via the Hepatobiliary system?
No
Can a highly lipid-soluble Drug be eliminated from the body via the Kidneys?
No
A very lipid-soluble substance cannot be eliminated from the body via the liver, nor via the kidneys. So how can a highly lipid-soluble substance be eliminated from the body?
Convert the lipid-soluble substance, into a Water-soluble substance
The name for the process of converting a Lipid-soluble (lipophilic) substance into a Water-soluble substance:
Biotransformation
Urea levels in the blood is a sign of the breakdown of _____.
proteins
When talking about breakdown of drugs and metabolites, what is meant by the term “Biotransformation”?
Turn an otherwise lipid-soluble (lipophilic) substance into a water-soluble (hydrophilic) substance
- What is a Biotransformation Type 1 (or Phase One) rxn?
- What happens in such a rxn?
- When a molecule/drug is modified (via redox and hydrolytic reactions) to express a functional group/moiety that is more polar.
- This is done by converting the parent drug to a More polar metabolite, or unmasking a polar functional group, such as an -OH, -NH2, or an -SH
What is Phase 2 biotransformation?
an endogenous substrate such as:
- glucuronic acid,
- sulfuric acid,
- acetic acid, or an
- amino acid
combines with the newly incorporated functional group to form a highly polar Conjugate.
What do the Kidneys help to Regulate?
H2O balance;
Electrolyte balance;
pH balance
Which Electrolytes do the Kidneys help to regulate?
Na;
K
What is the normal Na+ Range in your body?
135 - 145 millimol per Liter; or
135 - 145 milliEquivalents per Liter (mEq/L)
What is the normal K+ Range in your body?
- 5 - 5.5 mmol per Liter; or
- 5 - 5.5 milliEquivalents (mEq) per Liter
Left off at
36:32
What important proteins are involved in Phase One Biotransformation rxns?
Cytochrome P450
Name the specific types of reactions that occur in Phase 2 Biotransformation:
- acetylation
- glucuronidation
- glutathione conjugation
- glycine conjugation
- methylation
- sulfation
The [right/left] suprarenal Vein connects directly to the IVC.
right
What is the path from the left adrenal/suprarenal Vein to the IVC?
Unlike the right suprarenal, the left adrenal vein makes an extra stop at the left renal vein, which connects to the IVC
