Renal / GU Flashcards
What is the likely diagnosis in a boy who participates in vigorous sports who has dark urine and 1-2 RBC on urinalysis ?
Myoglobinuria
What should you do in a patient who presents with isolated asymptomatic microscopic hematuria?
Repeat UA in 2 weeks
What 2 things should be checked in a patient with persistent microscopic hematuria?
blood pressure and calcium/creatinine ratio
What is an abnormal calcium/creatinine ratio?
Greater than 0.25
What lab and imaging studies should be ordered in a patient with persistent microscopic hematuria and normal calcium/creatinine ratio? (7 answers)
Bun/creatinine Electrolytes C3/C4 ANA ASO ANCA Renal/bladder US
What could be the cause of hematuria in a patient on LASIX?
Hypercalciuria
What is the next step in a patient with elevated calcium/creatinine ratio? What result would be diagnostic?
24 hour collection
>4 mg/day confirms hypercalciuria
What diagnosis should you consider in a one day old patient who presents with palpable flank mass and unilateral mass on ultrasound?
UPJ obstruction
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with microscopic hematuria after a MVA? How would this present on imaging?
UPJ obstruction
Hydronephrosis
How do you confirm UPJ obstruction? What’s the next test after the diagnosis is confirmed?
Renal scan shows delayed excretion
Vcug should be done to look for reflux in other kidney
When should cystoscopy be performed in a child with hematuria ?
Never - only indicated in adults
What are the common causes of gross hematuria in children? (9 answers)
H (HSP or hereditary nephritis) E (bEnign familial) M (membranoproliferative) A (Alport or IgA nephropathy) T (trauma) U (UPJ obstruction) R (renal stones) I (infectious - strep) A (abnormal sickle cells)
What diagnosis would you consider in a patient with painless tea colored urine?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the next step in a patient with isolated proteinuria that resolves on first void urine?
3 month follow up
What is the appropriate next step in a patient with isolated proteinuria even on first morning void? What finding would be considered abnormal?
Protein creatinine ratio (renal disease suggested if ratio >0.2)
What are 3 common causes of benign transient proteinuria?
Fever
Exercise
dehydration
What is the inheritance of Alport syndrome?
X linked dominant
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, ocular defects and renal failure ?
Alport syndrome
What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a unilateral flank mass who has oligohydramnios in utero?
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
What is the gross pathology of a multicystic dysplastic kidney?
Enlarged kidney with non communicating cysts with thin parenchyma and dysplasia
What are other urinary tract anomalies that occur in 50% of patients with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease ? (4 answers)
UPJ obstruction
Vesicoureteral reflux
Posterior urethral valves
Megaureter and duplication
What is the best initial study to diagnose multicystic dysplastic kidney?
Renal ultrasound
What is the next best step in a patient with confirmed multicystic dysplastic kidney disease ?
Vcug to rule out other urinary tract anomalies
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with kidney mass, palpable liver, thrombocytopenia and hematemesis?
Multicystic dysplastic kidney or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
and resulting portal hypertension
What diagnosis should you consider in an infant with bilateral flank masses and hx of oligohydramnios ?
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
What other malformation is associated with autosomal dominant (adult) polycystic kidney disease?
Intracranial aneurysm
What diagnosis presents with polyuria, enuresis and low specific gravity as well as short stature, anemia and eye problems?
Juvenile onset medullary cystic disease aka nephronopththisis
What eye problem is associated with nephronophthisis?
Retinitis pigmentosa
What diagnosis presents with dysuria, hematuria and abdominal pain as well as a mass from the urethral meatus?
Ureterocele
What is the appropriate management for grade 1 and 2 vesicoureteral reflux?
Periodic cultures
What is the appropriate management for grade 3 VUR?
Prophylactic antibiotics
What is the appropriate management for grade 4 and 5 VUR?
Surgery
What is the most common cause of urinary retention in females?
Ureterocele
What is the likely diagnosis in a male with urinary symptoms after recent surgical procedure?
Urethral stricture secondary to catheter placement
What diagnosis presents in a male newborn with palpable bladder and weak urinary stream?
Posterior urethral valves
What is the treatment for posterior urethral valves?
Immediate urological consult for surgery
What is the most appropriate step in an infant with palpable bladder and no urinary output?
Catheter
How does posterior urethral valves typically present in females?
It only occurs in males
What is the prognosis of posterior urethral valves after surgical correction ?
ESRD within 5 years
What is the most common viral cause of UTi?
Adenovirus
When is an ultrasound indicated after a UTI? (3 answers)
Symptoms of pyelonephritis
Male gender
Newborns
What syndrome presents with soft abdominal musculature, bilateral undescended testicles and distended bladder?
Prune belly (eagle Barrett) syndrome
Why are children with prune belly syndrome prone to chronic UTI, distended bladder and dilated ureter ?
Posterior urethral valves
What is the appropriate empiric antibiotic in suspected acute pyelonephritis ? (2 options)
Bactrim or 3rd generation cephalosporin
What are the 3 main findings in nephrotic syndrome ?
Hypoproteinemia
Proteinuria
Edema