infectious disease Flashcards
What is the proper treatment in a septic newborn born to a mother with flu like symptoms and white nodules on placenta?
Amp and gent for listeria
What is the infectious etiology associated with rose spots in the skin?
Salmonella typhosa
What is the infectious etiology associated with ecthyma gangrenosum (large pustules on indurated inflamed base)?
Pseudomonas
What is the infectious etiology of non blanching rash and petechiae?
Neisseria
What is the common benign side effect of rifampin?
Orange secretions
What is the prophylactic drug of choice for meningococcemia?
Rifampin
What are the indications for meningococcemia prophylaxis?
Persons with contact to oral secretions
Household contacts or close contacts outside the house
What should you consider in a patient with elevated d dimer, low platelets and low fibrinogen?
DIC
What etiology should you consider in septic shock and how should you empirically treat?
Vancomycin and ceftriaxone to cover meningococcemia
What are the likely causes of meningitis in the neonate?
GBS
Listeria
E. coli
Enterovirus
What are the common causes of meningitis in young children?
Strep pneumo Neisseria meningitidis Enterovirus Borrelia burgdorferi Rickettsia
What complications of meningitis should be monitored for?
Focal deficits and SIADH
When does primary peritonitis occur?
Without an obvious intraabdominal source in patients with nephrotic syndrome or cirrhosis
What is the treatment for pneumococcal peritonitis ?
Third generation cephalosporin PLUS aminoglycoside
What type of abdominal infection is the likely source in a child with nephrotic syndrome? Why?
Encapsulated organism such as pneumococcus due to loss of IgG
What is the likely source of infection in a child with secondary peritonitis?
Gram negative organisms and anaerobes
What should you consider as a diagnosis in a dialysis patient with fever and abdominal pain ? What infectious etiology would you consider ?
Secondary peritonitis due to perforated bowel - due to staph epidermidis
What is the most common cause of vp shunt infection?
Staph epidermidis
What organisms does latex agglutination test for?
GBS
H. Flu
Neisseria meningitidis
Strep pneumo
When is latex agglutination helpful?
When partially treated infections are unreliably detected by culture
When can latex agglutination give false positives?
After HIb vaccine or with cross reactivity of E. coli
What is the treatment of choice in an immunocompromised child with fever or neutropenia ?
Zosyn + aminoglycoside OR
Ceftazidime (gram negative coverage)
What is used for prophylaxis against PcP?
Bactrim
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with ground glass appearance on X-ray?
Pcp and HIV
What is the treatment for cryptosporidium ?
Nitazoxanide
What are the symptoms of cryptosporidium ?
Diarrhea that is severe, non bloody, watery lasting up to 10 days
What bacteria should you consider in a patient with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies on scraping ?
Chlamydia pneumonia
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with afebrile staccato cough, tachypnea and eye discharge?
Chlamydia pneumonia
How is chlamydia definitively diagnosed?
Chlamydia trachomatis - PCR
Chlamydia pneumoniae - microimmunofluotescent antibody test
How would you treat a chlamydia conjunctivitis ?
Oral erythromycin or Sulfonamides (do not treatment with topical)
How would you treat chlamydia pneumonia?
Azithromycin x 5 days
Erythromycin x 14 days
How would you treat an uncomplicated chlamydia genital infection ?
Doxycycline x 7 days
Azithromycin 1 gram x 2
A teenager presents with cough and low grade fever, chest x-ray shows scattered perihilar infiltrates. You want to choose mycoplasma on the exam but that option is not available, what is the diagnosis?
Chlamydia pneumonia
What disease should you consider if fever, myalgia, headache and petechiae rash that starts on hands and feet then spreads centrally? What “bug” is the culprit?
Rocky Mountain spotted fever - rickettsia rickettsii
What are the peak times for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
May and June
What do you do when a patient presents with suspicion for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Treat with doxycycline x 7 days (even if child is under 8) – then order direct immunoflourescence. TREAT FIRST
What is the difference between Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis?
Ehrlichiosis may cause leukopenia and elevated LFTs
What are the symptoms of human ehrlichiosis ? And what disease presents with the same symptoms?
Fever, headache, myalgia
Thrombocytopenia and hyponatremia
Same as Rocky Mountain spotted fever
What is the treatment of Q fever?
Doxycycline
What are symptoms of Q fever?
Flu like symptoms followed by respiratory symptoms and pneumonia (no rash)
How is Q fever transmitted?
Inhalation of infected particles
What is the appropriate treatment for cat scratch disease with draining lymph node?
Nothing! Unless immunocompromised, hepatomegaly or large painful adenopathy
What is the bacteria that causes cat scratch disease ? How is it diagnosed ?
Bartonella henselae Serologic testing (enzyme immunoassay or immunofluorescent antibody test)
Which antibiotics would be appropriate for cat scratch disease?
Azithromycin
Cipro (if >18)
Bactrim
Rifampin
What should NoT be done for treatment of cat scratch disease?
Penicillins
I&D
What should you use to treat cellulitis after a cat bite? What if penicillin allergic patient?
Augmentin --> if allergic, use: Doxycycline Azithromycin Bactrim Cefuroxime (if not severe PCN allergy)
What bacteria should you consider if described as a pleomorphic gram negative organism?
Haemophilus influenza
What disease should you consider in a patient from another country with peri orbital cellulitis or Pyogenic arthritis?
Haemophilus influenza
What bacteria should be considered in a non-immunized patient with bacterial meningitis?
Heamophilus influenza
What is the appropriate treatment if invasive haemophilus influenza infection is suspected?
Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime (if allergic, use chloramphenicol or merrem)
What 3 encapsulated organisms should be considered in patients without functioning spleen?
Strep pneumo
Neisseria meningitidis
H. Flu (non typable)
When is prophylaxis for H Flu contacts indicated?
If any household members who are immunocompromised or unvaccinated then all household members need rifampin prophylaxis
What is the appropriate prophylaxis for non typable h flu infection in household member?
None!! Prophylaxis Only in typable h flu
When do all nursery children need to be treated prophylactically for H. Flu?
Only if 2 or more cases within 60 days!
What are the three phases of pertussis?
Catarrhal
Paroxysmal
Recovery
How is diagnosis of pertussis confirmed?
PCR (DFA not used)
What is the treatment for pertussis? How does it help?
Erythromycin, azithromycin or clarithromycin
Bactrim can also be used
Decreases period of communicability but does not shorten the paroxysmal stage!
When should prophylaxis against pertussis be given?
Anyone exposed to someone with pertussis regardless of immunization status needs azithromycin
What should you consider in a preschool age child wth cough and elevated wbcs with high lymphocytes?
Pertussis
What is the appropriate diagnosis and treatment in a patient who ate chicken salad at a picnic and then developed vomiting and diarrhea?
Salmonella - supportive therapy
When should treatment for salmonella be given? What treatment is appropriate in those cases?
If under age 3 months, immunocompromised or with hx of colitis - give ceftriaxone
What is the treatment for invasive typhoid fever?
Broad spectrum cephalosporins
What should you consider as a diagnosis in a patient with diarrhea, malaise, fever and “rose spots”?
Typhoid serotype of salmonella
What infection should you consider when a nail goes through a shoe?
Pseudomonas osteomyelitis
In what population does pseudomonas cepacia cause pneumonia and death?
Cystic fibrosis
What should you consider in a child on a dairy farm who presents with fevers and myalgias?
Brucellosis
How do you treat brucellosis?
Prolonged treatment with tetracycline or bactrim and rifampin
How would you choose to treat pseudomonas?
Piperacillin/tazobactam and gentamicin
Ceftazidime for pulmonary infections
What are the most common antibiotics that cause clostridium difficile?
Clindamycin
Cephalosporins
What is the most appropriate first line treatment for pseudomembranous colitis?
Metronidazole
Vancomycin PO is only used if flagyl does not work
What is the appropriate treatment for strep pneumo meningitis?
Vancomycin + ceftriaxone (or cefotaxime)
What are red lines in the skin folds and what infection are they associated with?
Pastia lines - scarlet fever and strep pharyngitis
What does treatment of strep throat prevent? What does it not prevent?
Prevents rheumatic fever
Does not prevent glomerulonephritis
What is the appropriate treatment for strep throat?
PCN or amoxicillin
If allergic, azithromycin, clindamycin or first generation cephalosporin
What is the name of strep cellulitis causing red streaks and lymphangitis?
Erysipelas
What diagnosis should you consider in a patient with rapidly evolving erythema and inflammation after minor trauma?
Necrotizing fasciitis
What infections can cause toxic shock syndrome?
Staph
Epstein Barr virus
Coxsackie
Adenovirus
How does late gbs infection occur?
Focal infection at 1-3 months
The CDC recommends prophylaxis for GBS under what conditions?
Previous infant with GBS.
GBS bacteriuria during current pregnancy
Positive GBS screen (35-37 wk)
Unknown GBS with preterm labor, ROM>18 hr or fever >38
How does the infantile form of botulism develop in infants?
Spores are ingested and they germinate in the underdeveloped GI tract
What condition should you consider in an infant with poor sucking/feeding, hypotonia with descending paralysis and ptosis?
Botulism
What condition should you consider in a 6 month old infant with constipation, urinary retention, weak cry and absent gag reflex?
Botulism
How is botulism caused in adults?
Ingestion of botulism toxin from poorly canned goods
How do you diagnose botulism?
Presence of toxin in stool or serum, PCR is not used.
How does the botulism toxin cause symptoms?
Toxin blocks release of acetylcholine into the synapse
What is the appropriate treatment for botulism and why?
Supportive care only!
Antibiotics cause lysis or spores and release of neurotoxins
What is the difference between botulism and myasthenia gravis?
With MG, tensilon is positive and onset is gradual
With botulism, tensilon is negative and onset is rapid
What is the worst choice of antibiotics for botulism?
Aminoglycoside potentiate the toxin