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Step 2 Last Minute > Renal/GU > Flashcards

Renal/GU Flashcards

1
Q

Fatty casts

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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2
Q

Broad waxy casts

A

Chronic renal failure

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3
Q

WBC casts

A

Interstitial nephritis or pyelonehritis

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4
Q

RBC casts

A

glomerulonephritis

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5
Q

Muddy brown casts

A

ATN

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6
Q

Path in hypertensive nephropathy?

Diabetic nephropathy?

A

HTN: Hyaline arteriosclerosis in afferent arteriole only, glomerular tufts
DM: Hyaline arteriosclerosis in both afferent and efferent arteriole, glomerulosclerosis (nodular or diffuse) increased ECM/fibrosis, thick BM, and mesangial expansion

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7
Q

First renal abnormality in diabetic nephropathy? First thing noticeable on pathology?

A

First thing: Glomerular hyperfiltration

Biopsy: GBM thickening

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8
Q

Nodular glomerulosclerosis

A

Specific to diabetic nephropathy (K-W nodules will be seen)

Although diffuse glomerulosclerosis is more common in diabetic nephropathy

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9
Q

Type of acid-base abnormality that can be seen in elderly, poorly controlled diabetics

A

Type IV RTA (dysfunctional JG apparatus leads to hyporeninemic hypoaldosterone)

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10
Q

Most common form of HIV-associated kidney disease

A

FSGS (also associated with obesity, heroin, and AA race)

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11
Q

Kidney disease associated with hepatitis B

A

Membranous nephropathy (also seen in SLE, adenocarcinoma, NSAIDs)

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12
Q

Kidney disease associated with hepatitis C

A

Mempranoproliferative glomerulonphritis

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13
Q

BUN/Cr, urine osmolarity, and urine sodium in ATN

A

BUN/Cr < 20 (intrinsic AKI)
Urine osmolarity 300-350 (inability to concentrate urine)
Urine Na >20, FeNa >2%

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14
Q

Kidney injury with acyclovir

A

Crystal-induced nephropathy (also seen with ethylene glycol, sulfonamides, methotrexate, protease inhibitors)

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15
Q

Renal disease classically associated with renal artery thrombosis

A

Membranous nephropathy (but any nephrotic syndrome can cause, due to hypercoagulability)

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16
Q

Nephrotic syndrome with restrictive cardiomyopathy, organomegaly, macroglossia, easy bleeding/bruising

A

AA amyloidosis (in chronic inflammatory state)

Also can see waxy skin thickening, neuropathy and stroke. Easy bleeding/bruising due to fragile vessels

17
Q

Hypertension, microhematuria, and a palpable right flank mass

A

ADPKD (both kidneys enlarged, but easier to palpate on right)

18
Q

Time course and complement in:

  • IgA nephropathy
  • Post-infectious glomerulonephriti
A

IgA: Synpharyngitic, normal complement

Post-infectious GN: Delayed 10-21 days, low complement

19
Q

Nephritis with eosinophiluria or eosinophilia

A

Allergic interstitial nephritis
(Commonly due to drugs like cephalosporins, penicillins, sulfonamides, diuretics, NSAIDs, rifampin, phenytoin, allopurinol. Stop the drug to treat).

20
Q

Analgesic nephropathy

A

Chronic NSAIDs leading to tubulointerstitial nephritis (WBC casts) and/or papillary necrosis (hematuria)

21
Q

How can calcium and phosphorous go wrong in CKD?

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to hypocalcemia (vitamin D deficiency) and hyperphosphatemia (phosphate retention in the kidney)

22
Q

Treatment for uremic platelet dysfunction

A

DDAVP (increases levels of factor VIII/vWF that activates platelets)

23
Q

Most common side effect of EPO in CKD

A

Worsening HTN (HA and flulike symptoms can also be seen)

24
Q

Treatment for uric acid kidney stones

A

Acidify the urine with oral potassium citrate (uric acid stones only form in patients with unusually alkaline urine)

25
Q

Recurrent radioopaque kidney stones with hexagonal crystals in the urine. Diagnostic test?

A

Cystinuria. Urinary cyanide nitroprusside test

26
Q

Drugs for urge incontinence

A

Anticholinergics like oxybutynin

27
Q

Medications associated with priapism

A

Trazadone and prazosin (alpha1 blocker)

28
Q

Marker(s) produced by Leydig cell testicular tumor

A

Testosterone and estrogen

29
Q

Marker(s) produced by yolk sac / endodermal sinus testicular tumor

A

AFP

30
Q

Marker(s) produced by choriocarcinoma testicular tumor

A

beta-HCG

31
Q

Marker(s) produced by seminoma testicular tumor

A

Usually none

Step 2 Last Minute (19 decks)

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