Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 2 Last Minute > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

A
  1. Spinocerebellar degeneration (gait ataxia, dysarthria, UMN signs, sensory neuropathy - but cognition intact)
  2. Skeletal abnormalities (scoliosis, high arch, hammer toe)
  3. Cardiac disease (concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, CHF and arrhythmias)
    (Diabetes is also commonly seen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common cause of death in Friedreich’s ataxia

A

Cardiac disease (concentric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, CHF, arrhythmias)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pendular reflexes

A

Cerebellar disease (e.g. alcoholic cerebellar deeneration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Region classically affected in Huntington’s chorea

A

Caudate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rapidly progressive dementia with myoclonus. EKG sign? CSF finding?

A

Creuteld-Jakob disease.
EEG: Sharp triphasic synchronous discharges.
CSF: 14-3-3- protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Dementia with subcortical effects early and memory loss later

A

HIV-associated dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Medications that can cause pseudotumor cerebri (IIH)

A

Tetracyclines, vitamin A and systemic retinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for pseudotumor cerebri (IIH)

A

Acetazolamide (+/- furosemide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs of transtentorial uncal herniation

A
  1. Hemiparesis (often ipsilateral due to compression of contralateral cerebral peduncle, but can be the other way around)
  2. Blown pupil early, oculomotor palsy late (CN III compression)
  3. Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (PCA compromise to occipital lobe)
  4. Depressed MS and coma (reticular formation compression)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Presentation of tick-borne paralysis

A

Ascending paralysis without autonomic involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is suggested by pronator drift

A

UMN lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Monocular vision loss (washed-out colors, central scotoma, APD), +/- painful eye movements

A

Optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CNs that travel through cavernous sinus

A

III, IV, V1, V2, and VI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cause of intranuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

Lesion to medial longitudinal fasciculis (unilateral in stroke, can be bilateral in MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parkinson’s med that can led to closed-angle glaucoma

A

Trihexyphenidyl (anticholinergic that dilates the pupil)

Primarily for tremor in early disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parkinson’s med that can lead to ankle edema and livedo reticularis

A

Amantidine

17
Q

Peripheral neuropathy with GI symptoms and sideroblastic anemia

A

Lead poisoning

18
Q

Peripheral neuropathy with skin thickening and pigment changes

A

Chronic arsenic poisoning

Acute poisoning: garlic breath, V/D, long QT, potentially pancytopenia and hepatitis

19
Q

Treatment for arsenic poisoning

A

Dimercaprol (chelates arsenic as well as mercury, gold, and lead)

20
Q

Treatment for myasthenic crisis

A

Steroids + plasmapheresis/IVIG, potentially intubation

21
Q

Sudden onset of bilateral cranial neuropathies, symmetric descending weakness, and potentially respiratory failure

A

Foodborne botulinism (kinda like MG, but rapid and with no history)

22
Q

How can you tell the different between carpal tunnel syndrome and more proximal median nerve injury (e.g. supracondylar humerus fracture?

A

Sensation to thenar eminence spared in carpal tunnel but not more proximal lesion
(Both have sensation to palmar first 3.5 fingers and thenar weakness/atrophy)

23
Q

Cause of radial nerve injuries

A

Mid-shaft humeral fracture or improper crutches/saturday night palsy

24
Q

Cause of ulnar nerve injury

A

Fracture of medial epicondyle (see claw hand)

25
Q

Cause of axillary nerve injury

A

Anterior shoulder dislocation (wraps around humerus)

See weakness in shoulder abduction and sensation to lateral arm

26
Q

How can you differentiate between foot drop due to peroneal nerve injury and L5 root injury?

A

Plantarflexion spared in peroneal nerve injury but weak in L5 injury

27
Q

Cause of Trendelenberg gait

A

Injury to superior gluteal nerve (to gluteus medius and minimus muscles)

28
Q

Most common superior fossa tumor in children

A

Low-grade astrocytomas (e.g. pilocytic astrocytoma)

29
Q

2 most common posterior fossa tumors in children. Where are they classically located?

A
  1. Most common is cerebellar astrocytoma, in lateral cerebellar hemispheres (limb ataxia)
  2. 2nd most common is medulloblastoma, in cerebellar vermis (truncal ataxia)
30
Q

Cause of loss of vertical gaze and pupillary light reflex with lid retraction and convergence-retraction nystagmus when look up

A

Parinaud syndrome due to pineocytoma (compresses superior colliculi and pretectum)

31
Q

Most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke overall?
In patients over 60?
In children?

A

Overall: Hypertensive vasculopathy
Over 60: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Children: Vascular malformations (e.g. AVMs)

32
Q

Common features and differences between hemorrhagic stroke of basal ganglia and thalamus

A

Both: contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss (internal capsule involved in basal ganglia strokes)

Basal ganglia: conjugate gaze deviation (look towards BG stroke) (also see homonymous hemianopsia)

Thalamus: contralateral gaze deviation (look away from thalamic stroke (also see upgaze palsy and nonreactive constricted/miotic pupils)

33
Q

Deep coma and reactive pupils

A

Pontine hemorrhagic stroke

34
Q

Ipsilateral hemiataxia, facial weakness and nystagmus, and HA and nystagmus

A

Cerbellar hemorrhagic stroke (unlike thalamic and basal ganglia, no hemiparesis)

35
Q

Stroke with sensorimotor deficits in legs

A

ACA stroke

36
Q

Contralateral sensorimotor deficit with cojugate gaze deviation and homonymous hemianopsia, with aphasia or hemineglect

A

MCA stroke

(Note that basal ganglia hemorrhagic stroke can also lead to contralateral sensorimotor deficit with conjugate gaze deviation, but won’t see aphasia or hemineglect)

37
Q

Most common lacunar infarct

A

Pure motor hemiparesis (e.g. due to internal capsule infarct)

(Others: pure sensory, ataxic hemiparesis, and dysarthria-clumsy hand)

38
Q

Common features of lateral medullary and lateral mid-pontine syndrome? Differentiating features?

A

Common:
1. Ipsilateral pain/temp to face (trigeminal nucleus)
2. Contralateral loss of pain/temp to body (lateral spinothalamic tract) (DCML and motor spared)
3. Vertigo/nystagmus (vestibular nucleus)
4. Ataxia and ipsilateral dysmetria (cerbellar peduncles)
5. Ipsilateral Horner syndrome
Lateral pontine only (AICA stroke)
1. Ipsilateral LMN facial paralysis
2. Ipsilateral hearing loss (cochlear nucleius)
Lateral medullary only (Vertebral artery or PICA stroke):
1. Dysphagia/dysarthria/dysphonia (nucleus ambiguus, motor to glossopharyngeal and vagus)

39
Q

2 complications of SAH. When do they occur, and how can they be prevented?

A
  1. Rebleed: early (24 hrs), prevent with clipping/coiling
  2. Vasospasm: delayed (3 days), prevent with nimodipine)
    (Can also see hydrocephalus, elevated ICP, and SIADH)

Step 2 Last Minute (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions