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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Renal Function > Flashcards

Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys are about the size of a _________ and measures around __________

A

fist; 10-12 cm

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2
Q

Specific location of the kidney

A

between T12 to L3 (12th Thoracic vertebrae & 3rd Lumbar vertebrae)

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3
Q

3 Macroscopic Anatomy of the Kidney

A

Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Renal Pelvis

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4
Q

it is the outermost layer of the kidney and contains blood vessels connected to nephrons

A

Renal Cortex

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5
Q

it is the innermost layer of the kidney and contains 8-12 renal pyramids, which contain 1 million nephrons

A

Renal Medulla

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6
Q

the central region of the kidney;
location of renal sinuses; and
it is where urine is collected continuing to the ureter

A

Renal Pelvis

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7
Q

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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8
Q

Glomerulus and Convoluted tubules are in the

A

Renal cortex

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9
Q

Cluster of capillaries

A

Glomerulus

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10
Q

A single layer of epithelial cells

A

Bowman’s capsule

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11
Q

Proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal tubule and collecting duct are located in the

A

Renal Medulla

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12
Q

2 types of Nephron

A

Cortical Nephron & Juxtamedullary Nephron

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13
Q

85% ;
SHORT nephron loop;
Glomerulus FURTHER from the cortex-medulla junction;
Supplies PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

A

Cortical Nephron

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14
Q

15%;
LONG nephron loop;
Glomerulus CLOSER from the cortex-medulla junction;
Supplies VASA RECTA

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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15
Q

surrounds the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

Function of Peritubular capillaries

A

Absorbance

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17
Q

meshwork of capillary system;
surrounds the Loop of Henle

A

Vasa Recta

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18
Q

Function of Vasa Recta

A

Concentrating or Diluting Urine

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19
Q

6 Function of Kidneys

A

1 Urine Formation
2 Fluid and Electrolyte balance
3 Regulation of acid-base balance
4 Excretion of the waste products of protein metabolism
5 Excretion of drugs and toxins
6 Secretion of hormones

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20
Q

What 4 hormones does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin
Erythropoietin
1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3
Prostaglandins

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21
Q

Which of the 4 hormones help control our blood pressure and indirectly helps maintain level of Na and K?

A

Renin

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22
Q

Which of the 4 hormones stimulate red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin

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23
Q

Which of the 4 hormones helps on absorption of Ca (Calcium)?

A

1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3

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24
Q

Which of the 4 hormones regulate renal blood flow?

A

Prostaglandins

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25
Q

Summarized and generalized order for the kidneys to maintain balance

A

Basic Renal Process

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26
Q

Renal Blood Flow per minute

A

1200-1500 mL per minute

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27
Q

15 process of the Renal blood flow path:

A

Aorta
Renal Artery
Segmental Artery
Interlobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Cortical Radiate Artery

Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus (Capillaries)
Efferent Arteriole

Peritubular capillaries (Vasa Recta)

Cortical Radiate Vein
Arcuate Vein
Interlobar vein
Renal Vein
Interior Vena Cava

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28
Q

4 Basic Renal Process

A

1 Renal Blood Flow
2 Glomerular Filtration
3 Tubular Reabsorption
4 Tubular Secretion

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29
Q

Volume of blood filtered per minute

A

130-150 mL/min

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30
Q

Why is the glomerulus the best site for filtration?

A
  • High Pressure due to the presence of 2 arterioles
  • Semi-permeable - molecular size of less than 66,000 Daltons
  • Negatively-charged basement membrane - repelling substances carrying negative charges
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31
Q

Substances that CAN pass through the glomerulus

A

Water, Electrolytes, Glucose, Amino acids, Urea, Creatinine

32
Q

Substances that CANNOT pass through the glomerulus

A

Plasma proteins, Cellular elements, Protein-bound molecules (lipids), Albumin, Bilirubin

33
Q

Happens 90% in the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Tubular reabsorption

34
Q

Happens when substances from TUBULES to PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES or VASA RECTA and

A

Tubular reabsorption

35
Q

75% being reabsorb back

A

Sodium, water and chloride

36
Q

100% being reabsorbed back

A

Glucose -since you can’t find sugar in the urine.

37
Q

4 Movements in reabsorption

A

Osmosis, Diffusion, Passive and Active Movement

38
Q

Exceeding concentration of substance in the blood in which the kidneys begin to remove it to the urine

A

Renal Threshold

39
Q

Active transport substances

A

Glucose, Amino acids, Salts, Chloride, Sodium

40
Q

Passive transport substances

A

Water, Urea, Sodium

41
Q

What disease is making too much aldosterone and increase of sodium level

A

Conn syndrome

42
Q

What disease is not producing enough aldosterone?

A

Addison’s Disease

43
Q

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH), more water being absorbed.

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion

44
Q

Decreased antidiuretic hormone, decrease water being reabsorbed.

A

Diabetes Insipidus

45
Q

Movement of substance from Peritubular capillaries to the Tubular Lumen

A

Tubular secretion

46
Q

2 major functions of Tubular secretion

A
  • Eliminating waste products not filtered by the glomerulus
  • Regulating the acid-base balance in the body through the secretion of hydrogen ions
47
Q

3 Renal Function Tests:

A
  • Glomerular Filtration Tests (GFTs)
  • Tubular Reabsorption Tests
  • Tubular Secretion Tests and Renal Blood Flow Tests
48
Q

Example of a GFT

A

Clearance Tests

49
Q

Standard test used to measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli

A

Clearance Tests

50
Q

Measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood

A

Clearance Tests

51
Q

8 Examples of the Clearance Tests

A
  • Urea clearance test
  • Creatinine clearance test
  • Inulin clearance
  • Cystatin C
  • Beta-2-Microglobulin
  • Beta Trace Protein
  • Tryptophan glycoconjugate
  • NGAL (Nitrogen Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin)
52
Q

a type of clearance test that is the gold standard but requires intravenous infusion, is expensive and time consuming

A

Inulin Clearance

53
Q

a type of clearance test that is available in the body;
is an inhibitor of cysteine proteinase;
not affected by sex, age and muscle mass;
very difficult to measure and is expensive

A

Cysteine C

54
Q

a type of a clearance test in which when present in urine, it means a sign of kidney failure

A

Cysteine C

55
Q

a type of clearance test in which protein is expressed by neutrophil

A

NGAL

56
Q

Immediately rise within 2-6 hours if there is an acute kidney injury

A

NGAL

57
Q

The first function to be affected when a patient has renal diseases.

A

Tubular Reabsorption Tests

58
Q

Example of a Tubular Reabsorption test

A

Concentration Tests

59
Q

Determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus

A

Concentration Tests

60
Q

Determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus

A

Concentration Tests

61
Q

4 Examples of Concentration Tests

A
  • Osmolality and Osmolarity
  • Free Water Clearance
  • Fishberg Test
  • Mosenthal Test
62
Q

a type of concentration test that measures the concentration of analytes in the urine

A

Osmolality and Osmolarity

63
Q

a type of concentration test that measures the concentration of analytes in the urine

A

Osmolality and Osmolarity

64
Q

Number of osmose of solute in KILOGRAMS

A

Osmolality

65
Q

Number of osmose of solute in LITER

A

Osmolarity

66
Q

a type of concentration test that measure the amount of solute-free water being excreted in the kidney

A

Free water clearance

67
Q

a type of concentration test that is 24 hour water deprivation

A

Fishberg Test

68
Q

a type of concentration test that is day vs night

A

Mosenthal Test

69
Q

To measure the exact amount of blood flowing through the kidney, it is necessary to use a substance that is completely removed from the blood (Peritubular capillaries) rather than being removed when the blood reaches the glomerulus

A

Tubular Secretion Test & Renal Blood Flow tests

70
Q

3 Examples of Tubular Secretion tests & Renal Blood Flow Tests

A
  • PAH (p-aminohippuric) test
  • Titratable Acidity
  • Urinary Analysis
71
Q

a type of tubular test that is a nontoxic substance;
not present in the body so it is being taken orally;
loosely bound to plasma protein

A

PAH test (p-aminohippuric) Test

72
Q

a type of tubular test that measures the amount of acid present in the solution

A

Titratable Acidity

73
Q

a type of tubular test that is “tubular acidity - titratable acidity”;
hydrogen ion present;
concentration of ammonia

A

Urinary Ammonia

74
Q

Waste products of the blood

A

Urea & Creatine

75
Q

The kidney must have ___________ of nephrons still functioning to survive

A

20-30%

Clinical Chemistry LEC (4 decks)

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