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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Liver Function > Flashcards

Liver Function Flashcards

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1
Q

the liver weighs?

A

1.2-1.5kg

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2
Q

liver is located?

A

beneath and attached to the diaphragm

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3
Q

liver is protected by?

A

the lower rib cage

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4
Q

liver is held in place by?

A

ligamentous attachments

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5
Q

right lobe is approx.?

A

6x larger than the left lobe

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6
Q

2 types of blood supply; consists : ?

A

Hepatic Artery; 25% - oxygen-rich
Portal Vein; 75% - nutrient-rich

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7
Q

a chief metabolic organ

A

liver

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8
Q

liver is composed of 2 cells which are?

A

Hepatocytes
Kupffer Cells

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9
Q

it is considered as a liver macrophage

A

Kupffer cells

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10
Q

functional unit of the liver

A

Lobules

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11
Q

Portal triad consists of:

A

hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct

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12
Q

liver has the capacity to?

A

regenerate by cell division and hypertrophy

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13
Q

during Lobectomy, the patient can survive as long as only _______ is taken

A

65%

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14
Q

Enumerate the Flow of Blood

A

Hepatic artery & Portal vein - Hepatic sinusoids - Central Canal

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15
Q

Enumerate the Flow of Waste Products in Hepatocytes

A

Bile Canal - Intrahepatic ducts - Right or Left Hepatic ducts - Common hepatic duct - Common bile duct - duodenum of the small intestine

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16
Q

example of a waste product

A

bilirubin

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17
Q

5 functions of the Liver

A

Synthetic Function
Conjugated Function
Detoxification and Drug Metabolism
Excretion and Secretory Functions
Storage

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18
Q

capable to CREATE substances

A

Synthetic function

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19
Q

examples of CHO

A

Glycogen & Glucose

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20
Q

examples of Lipids

A

Lipoproteins, VLDL, cholesterol

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21
Q

examples of Clotting factor

A

Fibrinogen & Calcium

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22
Q

Normal amount of Albumin

A

12g per day

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23
Q

Almost all proteins are synthesised in the liver except for

A

Immunoglobulins

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24
Q

Bilirubin Metabolism

A

Conjugation Function

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25
Q

How many bilirubin (conjugated) is produced daily?

A

200-300 mg

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26
Q

Average lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

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27
Q

RBCs will be phagocytosed by the ____________ which is seen either in the ________, _______, or ___________.

A

Macrophages ; spleen, liver or red bone marrow

28
Q

the phagocytosed RBCs breakdown into

A

HEME and Globin

29
Q

this is further metabolized into amino acids

A

Globin

30
Q

inside the Heme is a

A

porphyrin ring and iron

31
Q

Iron is transferred or carried to the liver through a carrier protein, known as

A

Transferrin

32
Q

Fe 3+

A

Ferric Iron

33
Q

storage form of iron

A

Ferritin

34
Q

heme is oxidized by the enzyme; once it’s oxidized, it will become __________

A

heme oxygenase ; biliverdin

35
Q

Biliverdin is reduced by the enzyme

A

Biliverdin Reductase

36
Q

Once the Biliverdin undergoes reduction, it’ll become

A

unconjugated bilirubin

37
Q

carrier protein of unconjugated bilirubin

A

Albumin

38
Q

where will unconjugated bilirubin go?

A

if not in the liver, albumin will carry it to the hepatocyte

39
Q

B1 will enter the hepatocyte through either of the 2 methods which are:

A

Passive Diffusion
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

40
Q

substances found inside the Hepatocytes

A

Y & Z Proteins & Ligandin

41
Q

B1 goes inside the Hepatocyte, what would happen?

A

Y&Z proteins will form complex with B1

42
Q

What substance will join to Y&Z Proteins and B1 to form another complex

A

Ligandin

43
Q

what happens after B1, Y&Z proteins and Ligandin will form complex?

A

they’ll go to the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum of the Hepatocyte

44
Q

this is where the conjugation of B1 will take place

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum of the Hepatocyte

45
Q

the enzyme that will conjugate B1 to B2

A

uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT)

46
Q

this is present in the intestine and will convert B2 to Mesobilirubin

A

Intestinal bacteria

47
Q

Intestinal Bacteria will convert B2 to?

A

Mesobilirubin

48
Q

Mesobilirubin will be converted into

A

Mesobilirubinogen

49
Q

Mesobilirubinogen will become

A

Urobilinogen

50
Q

80% of the urobilinogen will become;
which is the reason why feces is color

A

stercobilin; brown

51
Q

the remaining 20% of urobilinogen will not become either

A

Extrahepatic circulation or Systemic Circulation

52
Q

the urobilinogen is reabsorbed into the blood and goes either into the liver for reexcretion in the bile or the urine

A

extrahepatic circulation

53
Q

urobilinogen may go to the kidney, then go to the urinary bladder

A

systemic circulation

54
Q

one substance that causes the yellow coloration of the urine

A

Urobilin

55
Q

primary substance that causes the yellow coloration of urine

A

Urochrome

56
Q

Delta Bilirubin

A

B2 + Albumin

57
Q

Formula for Total Bilirubin

A

B1 + B2 + Delta bilirubin

58
Q

Formula for B1

A

Total bilirubin - B2

59
Q

protects body from potentially harmful substances absorbed from GIT and toxic by-products of metabolism

A

detoxification and drug metabolism

60
Q

examples of harmful substances

A

alcohol
ammonia from the urea cycle

61
Q

excretion of bile - bile sats, pigments, cholesterol

A

excretory and secretory functions

62
Q

Bile Acids

A

Cholic acid - conjugated cholic acid - cholate
Chenodeoxycholic acid - conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid - chenodeoxycholate

63
Q

bile salts are formed by conjugating

A

glycine and taurine

64
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E, & K

65
Q

water soluble vitamin

A

B12

66
Q

UDPGT transfers _________________ to each of the two _______________ side chains of bilirubin to form _________________

A

glucuronic acid
propionic acid
bilirubin glucuronide

Clinical Chemistry LEC (4 decks)

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