Lipids and Lipoproteins Flashcards
1
Q
collection of molecules of varying chemical composition
A
Lipids
2
Q
grouped together on the basis of their solubility in nonpolar solvents
A
Hydrophobic
3
Q
Greek word of Lard/Fat
A
Lipos
4
Q
What are the 4 main groups? Cite examples.
A
Fatty Acids - Saturated & Unsaturated
Glycerides - Glycerol containing Lipids (Neutral Glycerides & Phosphoglycerides)
Nonglyceride Lipids - Sphingolipids, Cerebrosides, Steroids, Bile Salts, Steroid Hormones, Wax
Complex Lipids - Lipoproteins
5
Q
Energy source
A
Oxidation
6
Q
1g of Fat
A
9kcal of energy
7
Q
Energy storage
A
Triglycerides in adipocytes
8
Q
Storage form of CHO
A
Glycogen
9
Q
Cell Membrane Structural Components
A
Phosphoglycerides, Sphingolipids, Steroids
10
Q
Basic structure of all cell membranes
A
Phospholipid bilayer
11
Q
Hormones
A
Steroid Hormones
12
Q
Lipid-Soluble Vitamins
A
A,D,E, & K
13
Q
Vitamin Absorption; Carrier of lipid-soluble vitamin
A
Dietary fat
14
Q
Protection; Shock Absorber
A
Fats
15
Q
Insulation
A
Subcutaneous Fat
16
Q
Long-chain monocarboxylic acids (COOH); Contain an even number of C atoms
A
Fatty Acids
17
Q
Hydrophilic End (OH)
A
Polar End
18
Q
Hydrophobic End; Fat soluble tail (R)
A
Nonpolar End
19
Q
Classification according to the NUMBER of Carbon Atoms
A
Short-chain fatty acids
Medium-chain fatty acids
Long-chain fatty acids
20
Q
Less than 6C
A
Short-chain fatty acids
21
Q
6-10 C (Includes 11)
A
Medium-chain fatty acids
22
Q
More than 12C
A
Long-chain fatty acids
23
Q
Classification according to the PRESENCE of Double Bonds
A
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Monosaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
24
Q
Each C being “saturated” with H; No double bonds; (CH3(CH2)nCOOH
A
Saturated Fatty Acids
25
composed of at least 1 C-C double bond; almost are in the cis configuration
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
26
Composed of 1 C-C double bond
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
27
Composed of MORE THAN 1 C-C double bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
28
Identifies the position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3) of the carbon chain
Omega Number
29
1st double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end
Omega 3 FA
30
6 Carbons from methyl end
Omega 6 FA
31
- Classification according to the location of hydrogen
- Only applicable to ___________
cis-Fatty acid
trans-Fatty acid
unsaturated fatty acids
32
H's on the same side of double bond;
Fold into a U-like formation;
Naturally occurring
cis-Fatty Acid
33
H's on the opposite side of the double bond;
Straight line = H's are far apart from o/a
trans-Fatty acid
34
FA w/ DB before C9;
Linoleic Acid
Essential Fatty Acids
35
FA w/o DB before C9;
Oleic Acid;
Forms C=C DB after C9
Nonessential Fatty Acids
36
Chemical Reactions of Fatty Acids
Esterification
Acid Hydrolysis
Saponification
Hydrogenation
Partial Hydrogenation
37
Fatty acids react with alcohols to form Esters & Water
Esterification
38
Products of dehydration of carboxylic acids & Alcohol
Esters
39
Producing fatty acids from esters;
opposite of esterification
Acid Hydrolysis
40
Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester
Saponification
41
Iodized salt product of the reaction;
Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail & negatively charged terminus (carboxylate);
Form micelles that dissolve oil & dirt particles
Soap
42
Common strong bases used in Saponification
NaOH/KOH/Lard
43
Reactions at the Double Bond
Hydrogenation & Partial Hydrogenation
44
Used in the food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable oils into SATURATED SOLID FATS
Hydrogenation
45
Carried out to add hydrogen to some (but not all) double bonds in polyunsaturated oils
Partial Hydrogenation
46
Liquid vegetable oils are converted into solid form;
cite examples
Partial Hydrogenation
Crisco & Margarine
47
Lipid esters containing the Glycerol molecule & Fatty Acids
Glycerides
48
Examples of Neutral Glycerides
Nonionic and Nonpolar
49
Produced after the esterification of glycerol with a fatty acid
Neutral Glycerides
50
Esterification may occur at:
1- Monoglycerides
2- Diglycerides
3-Triglycerides
51
Most important and main storage form of lipids in man (Adipocytes)
Triglycerides
52
Have a polar/hydrophilic region (_________ group) in addition to nonpolar/hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Phosphoglycerides; Phosphoryl
53
Can be seen in our cell membranes
Phosphoglycerides
54
Simplest Phosphoglyceride
Phosphatidate
55
Lipids that are not derived from glycerol
Sphingolipids
56
Have both polar and nonpolar ends
Amphipathic
57
Amphipathic and structural components of cellular membranes
Sphingolipids
58
Sphingolipids is derived from ______________
(long-chain, N-containing alcohol)
Sphingosine
59
Located throughout the body;
Important lipid components of nerve cell membranes;
Found in abundance in the myelin sheath;
Role is essential to proper cerebral function & Nerve transmission;
Also considered as a phospholipid;
Smallest sphingolipid
Sphingomyelins
60
Includes cerebrosides, sulfatides, & gangliosides
Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)
61
Surrounds and insulate cells of the CNS (Neurons)
Myelin Sheath
62
Built on a ceramide backbone structure;
Fatty acid amide derivative of Sphingosine
Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids)
63
Characterized by a single monosaccharide head group
Cerebrosides
64
Found in the membranes of MACROPHAGES;
Consists of ceramide bonded to t he hexose glucose
Glucocerebroside
65
Found almost exclusively in the membranes of BRAIN CELLS;
Ceramide joined to the monosaccharide galactose
Galactocerebroside
66
Contain the steroid nucleus (Steroid carbon skeleton)
Steroids
67
Steroid nucleus + OH
Sterol
68
Known sterol found in the membranes;
Amphipathic (not purely hydrophobic - still has OH end)
Cholesterol
69
Chemical name for Cholesterol
Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene Ring
70
Can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids (cholic acid) & chenodeoxycholic acid;
Promote fat absorption in the intestine by acting as a detergent
Cholesterol
71
Esterified form of Cholesterol;
OH conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid;
very hydrophobic = no polar groups (OH)
Cholesteryl Ester
72
- Amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol; emulsifying agent = aids in digestion of fats
- Synthesized in the _____________ and stored in the _____________
Bile salts
Liver; Gallbladder
73
Samples of Bile Salts
Cholate & Chenodeoxycholate
74
- Contains steroid nucleus;
Won't mix with water;
Travels through the aid of a carrier
- Blood is mostly made up of __________
Steroid Hormones
Water
75
5 Examples of Steroid Hormones
Testosterone
Progesterone
Estrogen, Estrone
Cortisone & Cortisol
Aldosterone
76
Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical compositions, depending on the source (Paraffin Wax)
Waxes
77
Long hydrocarbon tails;
Extremely hydrophobic = insoluble in water;
Solid at room Temp.
Waxes
78
Preventive coating for hair and skin
Lanolin
79
Bonded to other types of molecules
Complex Lipids
80
Consists of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
Lipoproteins
81
Protein part of Lipoprotein
Apolipoproteins
82
Contain relatively more triglycerides and cholesterol ester;
Have larger core regions;
Lighter in density
Larger Lipoproteins
(The Larger the LPP, the more Lipid relative to CHON)
83
Shape and Size of LPP
Typically spherical & Ranges from 10-1200 nm
84
Classification of Lipoproteins based on Ultracentrifugation
Chylomicrons (chylos)
Very Low Density LPP (VLDL)
Low Density LPP (LDL)
High Density LPP (HDL)
85
Classification of LPP:
- Won't move in electrophoresis
Chylomicrons (Chylos)
86
Classification of LPP:
- Travels to the beta region
VLDL
87
Classification of LPP:
- Travels to pre-beta region
LDL
88
Classification of LPP:
- Travels to alpha region
HDL
