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Clinical Chemistry LEC > Lipids and Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Lipids and Lipoproteins Flashcards

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1
Q

collection of molecules of varying chemical composition

A

Lipids

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2
Q

grouped together on the basis of their solubility in nonpolar solvents

A

Hydrophobic

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3
Q

Greek word of Lard/Fat

A

Lipos

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4
Q

What are the 4 main groups? Cite examples.

A

Fatty Acids - Saturated & Unsaturated
Glycerides - Glycerol containing Lipids (Neutral Glycerides & Phosphoglycerides)
Nonglyceride Lipids - Sphingolipids, Cerebrosides, Steroids, Bile Salts, Steroid Hormones, Wax
Complex Lipids - Lipoproteins

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5
Q

Energy source

A

Oxidation

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6
Q

1g of Fat

A

9kcal of energy

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7
Q

Energy storage

A

Triglycerides in adipocytes

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8
Q

Storage form of CHO

A

Glycogen

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9
Q

Cell Membrane Structural Components

A

Phosphoglycerides, Sphingolipids, Steroids

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10
Q

Basic structure of all cell membranes

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

Hormones

A

Steroid Hormones

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12
Q

Lipid-Soluble Vitamins

A

A,D,E, & K

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13
Q

Vitamin Absorption; Carrier of lipid-soluble vitamin

A

Dietary fat

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14
Q

Protection; Shock Absorber

A

Fats

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15
Q

Insulation

A

Subcutaneous Fat

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16
Q

Long-chain monocarboxylic acids (COOH); Contain an even number of C atoms

A

Fatty Acids

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17
Q

Hydrophilic End (OH)

A

Polar End

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18
Q

Hydrophobic End; Fat soluble tail (R)

A

Nonpolar End

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19
Q

Classification according to the NUMBER of Carbon Atoms

A

Short-chain fatty acids
Medium-chain fatty acids
Long-chain fatty acids

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20
Q

Less than 6C

A

Short-chain fatty acids

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21
Q

6-10 C (Includes 11)

A

Medium-chain fatty acids

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22
Q

More than 12C

A

Long-chain fatty acids

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23
Q

Classification according to the PRESENCE of Double Bonds

A

Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Monosaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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24
Q

Each C being “saturated” with H; No double bonds; (CH3(CH2)nCOOH

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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25
Q

composed of at least 1 C-C double bond; almost are in the cis configuration

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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26
Q

Composed of 1 C-C double bond

A

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)

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27
Q

Composed of MORE THAN 1 C-C double bond

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

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28
Q

Identifies the position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3) of the carbon chain

A

Omega Number

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29
Q

1st double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end

A

Omega 3 FA

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30
Q

6 Carbons from methyl end

A

Omega 6 FA

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31
Q
  • Classification according to the location of hydrogen
  • Only applicable to ___________
A

cis-Fatty acid
trans-Fatty acid

unsaturated fatty acids

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32
Q

H’s on the same side of double bond;
Fold into a U-like formation;
Naturally occurring

A

cis-Fatty Acid

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33
Q

H’s on the opposite side of the double bond;
Straight line = H’s are far apart from o/a

A

trans-Fatty acid

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34
Q

FA w/ DB before C9;
Linoleic Acid

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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35
Q

FA w/o DB before C9;
Oleic Acid;
Forms C=C DB after C9

A

Nonessential Fatty Acids

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36
Q

Chemical Reactions of Fatty Acids

A

Esterification
Acid Hydrolysis
Saponification
Hydrogenation
Partial Hydrogenation

37
Q

Fatty acids react with alcohols to form Esters & Water

A

Esterification

38
Q

Products of dehydration of carboxylic acids & Alcohol

A

Esters

39
Q

Producing fatty acids from esters;
opposite of esterification

A

Acid Hydrolysis

40
Q

Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester

A

Saponification

41
Q

Iodized salt product of the reaction;
Have a long uncharged hydrocarbon tail & negatively charged terminus (carboxylate);
Form micelles that dissolve oil & dirt particles

A

Soap

42
Q

Common strong bases used in Saponification

A

NaOH/KOH/Lard

43
Q

Reactions at the Double Bond

A

Hydrogenation & Partial Hydrogenation

44
Q

Used in the food industry to convert polyunsaturated vegetable oils into SATURATED SOLID FATS

A

Hydrogenation

45
Q

Carried out to add hydrogen to some (but not all) double bonds in polyunsaturated oils

A

Partial Hydrogenation

46
Q

Liquid vegetable oils are converted into solid form;
cite examples

A

Partial Hydrogenation
Crisco & Margarine

47
Q

Lipid esters containing the Glycerol molecule & Fatty Acids

A

Glycerides

48
Q

Examples of Neutral Glycerides

A

Nonionic and Nonpolar

49
Q

Produced after the esterification of glycerol with a fatty acid

A

Neutral Glycerides

50
Q

Esterification may occur at:

A

1- Monoglycerides
2- Diglycerides
3-Triglycerides

51
Q

Most important and main storage form of lipids in man (Adipocytes)

A

Triglycerides

52
Q

Have a polar/hydrophilic region (_________ group) in addition to nonpolar/hydrophobic fatty acid tails

A

Phosphoglycerides; Phosphoryl

53
Q

Can be seen in our cell membranes

A

Phosphoglycerides

54
Q

Simplest Phosphoglyceride

A

Phosphatidate

55
Q

Lipids that are not derived from glycerol

A

Sphingolipids

56
Q

Have both polar and nonpolar ends

A

Amphipathic

57
Q

Amphipathic and structural components of cellular membranes

A

Sphingolipids

58
Q

Sphingolipids is derived from ______________
(long-chain, N-containing alcohol)

A

Sphingosine

59
Q

Located throughout the body;
Important lipid components of nerve cell membranes;
Found in abundance in the myelin sheath;
Role is essential to proper cerebral function & Nerve transmission;
Also considered as a phospholipid;
Smallest sphingolipid

A

Sphingomyelins

60
Q

Includes cerebrosides, sulfatides, & gangliosides

A

Glycosphingolipids (Glycolipids)

61
Q

Surrounds and insulate cells of the CNS (Neurons)

A

Myelin Sheath

62
Q

Built on a ceramide backbone structure;
Fatty acid amide derivative of Sphingosine

A

Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids)

63
Q

Characterized by a single monosaccharide head group

A

Cerebrosides

64
Q

Found in the membranes of MACROPHAGES;
Consists of ceramide bonded to t he hexose glucose

A

Glucocerebroside

65
Q

Found almost exclusively in the membranes of BRAIN CELLS;
Ceramide joined to the monosaccharide galactose

A

Galactocerebroside

66
Q

Contain the steroid nucleus (Steroid carbon skeleton)

A

Steroids

67
Q

Steroid nucleus + OH

A

Sterol

68
Q

Known sterol found in the membranes;
Amphipathic (not purely hydrophobic - still has OH end)

A

Cholesterol

69
Q

Chemical name for Cholesterol

A

Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene Ring

70
Q

Can be converted in the liver to primary bile acids (cholic acid) & chenodeoxycholic acid;
Promote fat absorption in the intestine by acting as a detergent

A

Cholesterol

71
Q

Esterified form of Cholesterol;
OH conjugated by an ester bond to a fatty acid;
very hydrophobic = no polar groups (OH)

A

Cholesteryl Ester

72
Q
  • Amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol; emulsifying agent = aids in digestion of fats
  • Synthesized in the _____________ and stored in the _____________
A

Bile salts

Liver; Gallbladder

73
Q

Samples of Bile Salts

A

Cholate & Chenodeoxycholate

74
Q
  • Contains steroid nucleus;
    Won’t mix with water;
    Travels through the aid of a carrier
  • Blood is mostly made up of __________
A

Steroid Hormones

Water

75
Q

5 Examples of Steroid Hormones

A

Testosterone
Progesterone
Estrogen, Estrone
Cortisone & Cortisol
Aldosterone

76
Q

Derived from many different sources and have a variety of chemical compositions, depending on the source (Paraffin Wax)

A

Waxes

77
Q

Long hydrocarbon tails;
Extremely hydrophobic = insoluble in water;
Solid at room Temp.

A

Waxes

78
Q

Preventive coating for hair and skin

A

Lanolin

79
Q

Bonded to other types of molecules

A

Complex Lipids

80
Q

Consists of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins

81
Q

Protein part of Lipoprotein

A

Apolipoproteins

82
Q

Contain relatively more triglycerides and cholesterol ester;
Have larger core regions;
Lighter in density

A

Larger Lipoproteins
(The Larger the LPP, the more Lipid relative to CHON)

83
Q

Shape and Size of LPP

A

Typically spherical & Ranges from 10-1200 nm

84
Q

Classification of Lipoproteins based on Ultracentrifugation

A

Chylomicrons (chylos)
Very Low Density LPP (VLDL)
Low Density LPP (LDL)
High Density LPP (HDL)

85
Q

Classification of LPP:
- Won’t move in electrophoresis

A

Chylomicrons (Chylos)

86
Q

Classification of LPP:
- Travels to the beta region

A

VLDL

87
Q

Classification of LPP:
- Travels to pre-beta region

A

LDL

88
Q

Classification of LPP:
- Travels to alpha region

A

HDL

Clinical Chemistry LEC (4 decks)

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