Renal Function Flashcards
Name two important hormones synthesised by the kidneys.
Renin and erythropoietin
__________ is the cessation of renal function, although much damage is required.
Uraemia
List three signs and/or symptoms of uraemia.
Vomiting, inordinate urine volume, and oedema
True or false: acute renal failure (ARF) or acute kidney injury (AKI), is usually observed in the hospital setting, most commonly in the severely ill.
True
_____________ AKI involves the loss of proper blood supply, via blood loss and hypovolemia.
Prerenal
What causes renal stage AKI?
Intrinsic damage to the kidney tissue, due to a variety of diseases, such as glomerulonephritis
In which phase of AKI is urinary drainage impaired by obstruction?
Postrenal
At what level of glomerular filtration rate do symptoms appear in chronic kidney failure?
10%
Diabetes can cause _________ kidney failure.
Chronic
List three causes of acute nephritic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis).
Group A Streptococcus infection of the pharynx or skin, systemic disease, and reaction to drugs
Rapidly-progressing glomerulonephritis will present with ____________-shaped nephrons.
Crescent
___________ ____________, such as pyelonephritis, causes alterations in tubular function, leading to kidney damage.
Interstitial nephritis
_____________ nephropathy is derived from prolonged high blood pressure.
Hypertensive
Renal tubular acidosis impairs ______________.
Homeostasis
___________ ___________ causes the kidneys to be unable to conserve water, due to a deficiency of, or insensitivity to, anti-diuretic hormone
Diabetes insipidus
____________ ____________ ______ is the rate at which substances are filtered through the kidneys’ glomeruli, measured in mLs/minute.
Glomerular filtration rate
What is the approximate glomerular filtration rate?
240 mL/min
What commonly used analyte is used to calculate GFR?
Creatinine
State the formula for GFR.
GFR = (urine creatinine)(urine (mL/min)) / serum creatinine
The ________ _______________ test assesses the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine.
Water deprivation
Serum ______________ is synthesised in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
Creatine
What is the waste product of creatine?
Creatinine
In measuring creatinine, Jaffe’s 1886 reaction with ___________ ________, yields an orange-red complex.
Alkaline picrate
List three sources of interference in the Jaffe method.
Protein, glucose, and bilirubin
Modified Jaffe methods use ___________ measurement, and alterations in reactant concentration.
Kinetic
For creatininase measurement, an indirect _____________ method is used.
Enzymatic
What are the reference ranges for creatinine?
Male: 80 - 145 µmol/L
Female: 62 - 97 µmol/L
True or false: In AKI, values may increase to three times the upper reference limit.
False
Serum urea is the nitrogen-containing product of protein catabolism, synthesised by ____________ enzymes in the urea cycle.
Hepatic
Creatinine and _______ are generally measured together.
Urea
The enzymatic __________ method uses urease to convert urea into ammonia and water.
Berthelot
In urea measurement, ammonia is reacted with phenol and hypochlorite in alkaline media, to form coloured ______________.
Indophenol
The modified Berthelot method uses ____________ instead of phenol.
Salicylate
The _______________ ___________________ reaction is coupled to oxidation of NADH, giving rise to the formation of a coloured complex, which may then be monitored.
Glutamate dehydrogenase
What is the reference range for urea?
2.8 - 6.8 mmol/L
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is used frequently, with a conversion factor of approximately _____.
0.5
_____________ is an increase in amount of protein in urine, when glomerular basement membranes prevent plasma proteins from entering the nephron, and an indication of loss of glomerular function.
Proteinuria
List three methods for detecting proteinuria.
Biuret, turbidimetric, and dye-binding
______________ is the measurement of the osmotic concentration of the urine.
Osmolality
What is the normal osmolality of urine?
≥600mOsm/kg
If the urine:plasma osmolality ratio is not approximately ____, water is not being reabsorbed.
1:1
In the water deprivation test, what should the sample’s osmolality be?
<300mOsm/kg
Urinary ____ is used to diagnose renal tubular acidosis.
pH
What two analytes does specific proteinuria testing measure?
β2 microglobulin and α1 microglobulin
