Proteins and Amino Acids Flashcards
Proteins maintain an ____________ ____________ between plasma and tissue fluids.
Osmotic equilibrium
List three functions of proteins.
Immunity, buffers, and structure of connective tissue
The three main categories of plasma proteins include ____________, albumin, and globulins (α, β, and y).
Prealbumin
Prealbumin is also known as _____________.
Transthyretin
What is the function of prealbumin?
Transport for thyroid hormones, and vitamin A
Albumin is important for ____________ ___________ __________, due to its high concentration.
Colloidal osmotic pressure
True or false: albumin is the protein that is present in the highest concentration in the plasma.
True
______________ binds bilirubin, steroids, and fatty acids.
Albumin
____________ is the result of low levels of albumin.
Oedema
__-_______________ is an enzyme inhibitor, preventing unchecked proteolytic damage of structural protein.
α1-antitrypsin
α1-fetoprotein is the principal __________ protein.
Foetal
__-______________ transports lipids.
α1-lipoprotein
______________, an α2-globulin, binds free [Hb], aiding in the recycling of haem.
Haptoglobin
α2-macroglobulins are enzyme inhibitors, halting __________, pepsin, and thrombin, and are increased in renal size, as it is retained, due to its size.
Trypsin
List three β-globulins.
Transferrin, fibrinogen, and lipoproteins
IgA, IgG, and IgM are examples of ___ globulins.
Gamma
___-___________ ________ increased in inflammatory conditions, and is an ‘acute phase reactant’.
C-reactive protein
Where is myoglobin found?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle
List three scenarios in which myoglobin would be elevated.
Acute myocardial infarction, myopathies, and vigorous exercise
List the three proteins that form the troponin complex.
TnT, TnI, and TnC
True or false: TnT and TnC are used in diagnosis of AMI.
False
______________ is caused by excessive loss, via renal or GI disease, internal bleeding, etc., decreased intake, and oor synthesis, as may be observed in liver disease.
Hypoproteinaemia
List a common cause of elevated protein.
Dehydration
Globulin fraction is the difference between _________ _________ and albumin.
Total protein
What is the reference range for total protein?
60-80 g/L
The Kjeldahl method, as a reference method, assesses digestion of protein and measurement of ___________ content.
Nitrogen
The Biuret method, used routinely, observes for the formation of violet-coloured chelate between _______ ions and peptide bonds.
Cu++
List two common dyes used in protein quantification.
Bromocresol green (BCG) and bromocresol purple (BCP)
In dye-binding methods, the pH of the solution is adjusted so that albumin is ___________-charged.
Positively
Electrophoresis separates proteins on the basis of their _________ _______.
Electrical charge
What pH is the buffer used in protein electrophoresis?
8.6, and proteins are negatively-charged
Proteins separate into _______ bands.
Five
Name a common stain used in protein electrophoresis.
Coomassie Blue
List three applications of protein electrophoresis.
Immunoglobin disorders, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and liver disease
In a capillary electrophoresis system, proteins in serum are separated based on electrophoretic mobility, in a capillary tube containing an _____________.
Electrolyte
An ___________________ is similar to densitometric scan.
Electropherogram
During salt fractionation, albumin remains in solution and ___________ are precipitated out in high salt concentrations.
Globulins
Polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, or oligoclonal antibodies can cause _____________________.
Hypergammaglobulinemia
___________ increases occur during recurrent or chronic infection.
Polyclonal
Monoclonal increases of hypergammaglobulinaemia are characterised by a single sharp, ___________ band.
Narrow
_________ _________ proteins may be found in urine, if they are light chains.
Bence Jones
Multiple myeloma is tumour(s) of the _______ ________.
Plasma cells
Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed from an increase in ___________ bands in CSF.
Oligoclonal
Quantification methods for specific proteins, may use immunochemical methods, such as ________________ or turbidimetric assays.
Nephelometric
Changes in protein ______________ may be due to acute phase reactions.
Concentrations
______ acts as a non-specific response to inflammation.
APR
CRP, C3, C4, and __-___________ may be increased in acute phase reactions.
α-antitrypsin
CRP is so-called because of its property of binding to a polysaccharide (_____________ __), from the cell walls of pneumococci.
Fraction C
CRP measurement is a more sensitive and specific marker of erythrocyte ______________ rate (ESR).
Sedimentation
Outline the two classes of serum enzymes.
Enzymes with a defined function in the blood, such as enzyme of the coagulation system
Enzymes that appear due to damage to tissues, or proliferation of the cells from which they arise
List two enzymes of diagnostic value.
Alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase
Proteinuria can indicate glomerular or ___________ dysfunction.
Tubular
_______________ light chains are found in the urine.
Immunoglobulin
In proteinuria analysis, the reagent test strip is a ____________ method.
Colourimetric
____________ proteinuria analysis is generally performed on a 12- or 24-hour specimen, to account for circadian rhythm.
Quantitative
The Folin-Lowry test employs _____-___________ principles.
Dye-binding
____________:___________ or protein:creatinine ratios are useful.
Albumin:creatinine
______ proteins may be increased where there is increased permeability.
CSF
