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Clinical Chemistry I > Proteins and Amino Acids > Flashcards

Proteins and Amino Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

Proteins maintain an ____________ ____________ between plasma and tissue fluids.

A

Osmotic equilibrium

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2
Q

List three functions of proteins.

A

Immunity, buffers, and structure of connective tissue

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3
Q

The three main categories of plasma proteins include ____________, albumin, and globulins (α, β, and y).

A

Prealbumin

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4
Q

Prealbumin is also known as _____________.

A

Transthyretin

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5
Q

What is the function of prealbumin?

A

Transport for thyroid hormones, and vitamin A

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6
Q

Albumin is important for ____________ ___________ __________, due to its high concentration.

A

Colloidal osmotic pressure

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7
Q

True or false: albumin is the protein that is present in the highest concentration in the plasma.

A

True

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8
Q

______________ binds bilirubin, steroids, and fatty acids.

A

Albumin

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9
Q

____________ is the result of low levels of albumin.

A

Oedema

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10
Q

__-_______________ is an enzyme inhibitor, preventing unchecked proteolytic damage of structural protein.

A

α1-antitrypsin

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11
Q

α1-fetoprotein is the principal __________ protein.

A

Foetal

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12
Q

__-______________ transports lipids.

A

α1-lipoprotein

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13
Q

______________, an α2-globulin, binds free [Hb], aiding in the recycling of haem.

A

Haptoglobin

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14
Q

α2-macroglobulins are enzyme inhibitors, halting __________, pepsin, and thrombin, and are increased in renal size, as it is retained, due to its size.

A

Trypsin

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15
Q

List three β-globulins.

A

Transferrin, fibrinogen, and lipoproteins

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16
Q

IgA, IgG, and IgM are examples of ___ globulins.

A

Gamma

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17
Q

___-___________ ________ increased in inflammatory conditions, and is an ‘acute phase reactant’.

A

C-reactive protein

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18
Q

Where is myoglobin found?

A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

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19
Q

List three scenarios in which myoglobin would be elevated.

A

Acute myocardial infarction, myopathies, and vigorous exercise

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20
Q

List the three proteins that form the troponin complex.

A

TnT, TnI, and TnC

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21
Q

True or false: TnT and TnC are used in diagnosis of AMI.

A

False

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22
Q

______________ is caused by excessive loss, via renal or GI disease, internal bleeding, etc., decreased intake, and oor synthesis, as may be observed in liver disease.

A

Hypoproteinaemia

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23
Q

List a common cause of elevated protein.

A

Dehydration

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24
Q

Globulin fraction is the difference between _________ _________ and albumin.

A

Total protein

25
Q

What is the reference range for total protein?

A

60-80 g/L

26
Q

The Kjeldahl method, as a reference method, assesses digestion of protein and measurement of ___________ content.

A

Nitrogen

27
Q

The Biuret method, used routinely, observes for the formation of violet-coloured chelate between _______ ions and peptide bonds.

A

Cu++

28
Q

List two common dyes used in protein quantification.

A

Bromocresol green (BCG) and bromocresol purple (BCP)

29
Q

In dye-binding methods, the pH of the solution is adjusted so that albumin is ___________-charged.

A

Positively

30
Q

Electrophoresis separates proteins on the basis of their _________ _______.

A

Electrical charge

31
Q

What pH is the buffer used in protein electrophoresis?

A

8.6, and proteins are negatively-charged

32
Q

Proteins separate into _______ bands.

A

Five

33
Q

Name a common stain used in protein electrophoresis.

A

Coomassie Blue

34
Q

List three applications of protein electrophoresis.

A

Immunoglobin disorders, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, and liver disease

35
Q

In a capillary electrophoresis system, proteins in serum are separated based on electrophoretic mobility, in a capillary tube containing an _____________.

A

Electrolyte

36
Q

An ___________________ is similar to densitometric scan.

A

Electropherogram

37
Q

During salt fractionation, albumin remains in solution and ___________ are precipitated out in high salt concentrations.

A

Globulins

38
Q

Polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, or oligoclonal antibodies can cause _____________________.

A

Hypergammaglobulinemia

39
Q

___________ increases occur during recurrent or chronic infection.

A

Polyclonal

40
Q

Monoclonal increases of hypergammaglobulinaemia are characterised by a single sharp, ___________ band.

A

Narrow

41
Q

_________ _________ proteins may be found in urine, if they are light chains.

A

Bence Jones

42
Q

Multiple myeloma is tumour(s) of the _______ ________.

A

Plasma cells

43
Q

Multiple sclerosis is diagnosed from an increase in ___________ bands in CSF.

A

Oligoclonal

44
Q

Quantification methods for specific proteins, may use immunochemical methods, such as ________________ or turbidimetric assays.

A

Nephelometric

45
Q

Changes in protein ______________ may be due to acute phase reactions.

A

Concentrations

46
Q

______ acts as a non-specific response to inflammation.

A

APR

47
Q

CRP, C3, C4, and __-___________ may be increased in acute phase reactions.

A

α-antitrypsin

48
Q

CRP is so-called because of its property of binding to a polysaccharide (_____________ __), from the cell walls of pneumococci.

A

Fraction C

49
Q

CRP measurement is a more sensitive and specific marker of erythrocyte ______________ rate (ESR).

A

Sedimentation

50
Q

Outline the two classes of serum enzymes.

A

Enzymes with a defined function in the blood, such as enzyme of the coagulation system

Enzymes that appear due to damage to tissues, or proliferation of the cells from which they arise

51
Q

List two enzymes of diagnostic value.

A

Alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase

52
Q

Proteinuria can indicate glomerular or ___________ dysfunction.

A

Tubular

53
Q

_______________ light chains are found in the urine.

A

Immunoglobulin

54
Q

In proteinuria analysis, the reagent test strip is a ____________ method.

A

Colourimetric

55
Q

____________ proteinuria analysis is generally performed on a 12- or 24-hour specimen, to account for circadian rhythm.

A

Quantitative

56
Q

The Folin-Lowry test employs _____-___________ principles.

A

Dye-binding

57
Q

____________:___________ or protein:creatinine ratios are useful.

A

Albumin:creatinine

58
Q

______ proteins may be increased where there is increased permeability.

A

CSF

Clinical Chemistry I (12 decks)

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