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Renal system: pathology > Renal Failure > Flashcards

Renal Failure Flashcards

1
Q

A decrease in kidney funtion resulting in insufficient filtration of waste products from the blood

A

Renal failure

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2
Q

Acute insult that produces rapid loss of kidney function

A

Acute renal failure

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3
Q

Is acute renal failure reversible?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Progressive deterioration of kidney function

A

Chronic renal failure

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5
Q

Is chronic renal failure reversible

A

usually not

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6
Q

What determines renal failure?

A

A decrease in GFR
Reflected as a decrease or absence of urine
Reflected as a increase in was products Cr or Urea

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7
Q

Name 6 changes with renal failure

A 
hematuria or proteinuria
edema
decreased calcium
increased potassium
increased phosphate
anemia (later sign)
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8
Q

What contributes to anemia in renal failure

A

Compromise of renal function
Unable to release erythropoietin
reduces the number of blood cells per volume

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9
Q

Three underlying causes of renal failure

A

prerenal
intrarenal
postrenal

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10
Q

Indicates that the underlying cause is due to marked decrease in renal blood flow

A

Prerenal failure

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11
Q

Indicates that the underlying cause is damage to structures within the kidney

A

Intrinsic/Intrarenal failure

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12
Q

Indicates that the underlying cause is with problems with the urinary tract or outflow from the kidney

A

Postrenal failure

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13
Q

Most common form of acute renal failure

A

prerenal disease

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14
Q

What causes renal ischemia

A

systemic hypotension (heart failure, hypovolemia)
shock
other conditions that decrease renal perfusion

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15
Q

How does prerenal failure manifest?

A

oliguria and

a disproportionate elevation of BUN to CR ratio

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16
Q

Normal BUN/CR

A

10:1

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17
Q

BUN/Cr ratio in renal failure

A

moves to greater than 20:1

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18
Q

Is prerenal disease reversible?

A

Yes if the problem can be identified and corrected to restore blood flow before damage to kidney has occurred.

19
Q

Causes of intrinsic renal failure

A

any disease that injures or damages structures within the kidney
glomerularnephritis
pyelonephritis
rhabdomyolysis

20
Q

Most common cause of intrinsic renal disease

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

21
Q

Involves release of myoglobin and can lead to ATN

A

rhabdomyolysis

22
Q

Most common underlying cause of postrenal disease

A

Prostatic hyperplasia

23
Q

Causes of postrenal failure

A

Obstruction of
ureter (calculi/strictures)
bladder (tumors or neurogenic)
urethra (prostatic hyperplasia)

24
Q

most common cause of hyperkalemia

A

decreased renal function

25
Q

diuresis, antagonist to aldosterone, increase water and Na excretion

A

ANP

26
Q

CHF patients produce more of what?

A

ANP

therefor increase diuresis and decrease blood volume (BNP levels elevate)

27
Q

Anemia in renal patients due to

A

low levels of erythropoietin

28
Q

Hallmark with renal failure is

A

hypoalbuminemia

29
Q

Increase BUN and Cr due to

A

decrease GFR

30
Q

A powerful vasoconstrictor

A

Angiotensin II

31
Q

The kidneys regulate vitamin D activity by

A

converting the inactive form of vitamin D to calcitriol, the active form

32
Q

Five stages used to classify chronic kidney disease

A 
Damage with normal or increase GFR
Damage with mild decrease GFR
Moderate decrease in GFR
Severe decrease in GFR
Kidney failure
33
Q

Progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years

A

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

34
Q

What happens in CKD?

A

destruction of renal tissue with irreversible sclerosis and loss of nephron function

35
Q

Most common causes of CKD

A

diabetes mellitus
HTN
Glomerulonephritis

36
Q

Treatments for CKD

A

dialysis

transplant

37
Q

General condition of elevated serum levels of nitrogen-containing substances (urea, creatinine, and uric acid)

A

Azotemia

38
Q

True or false: azotemia typically affect other systems in the body

A

False

it doesn’t affect other systems

39
Q

Clinical syndrome of renal failure with azotemia where blood is not being filtered due to ARF

A

uremia

40
Q

Accumulation of urea that causes a group of symptoms associated with renal failure

A

uremic syndrome

41
Q

Uremia includes

A 
azotemia
acidosis
hyperkalemia
HTN
anemia
hypocalcemia
42
Q

True or false: uremia can cause dysfunctions in other body systems

A

True

43
Q

What is the difference between uremic syndrome and uremia?

A

Uremic syndrome only involves urea

44
Q

Uremia is usually observed in what?

A

chronic kidney disease

Renal system: pathology (5 decks)

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