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Renal system: pathology > Kidney structure and function > Flashcards

Kidney structure and function Flashcards

1
Q

Renal system is responsible for

A

regulation of water

ion homeostasis

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2
Q

Renal system helps remove

A

metabolic wastes
urea,uric acid,creatinine
toxins

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3
Q

Hormones secreted by kidneys

A

erythropoietin
renin
activates vitamin D3

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4
Q

Bowman capsule and glomerulus form

A

renal corpuscle

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5
Q

Renal artery supplies

A

20% of CO

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6
Q

Removal of substances from blood into renal tubule at glomerulus

A

filtration

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7
Q

Removal of substances from blood into renal tubule at peritubular capillaries

A

secretion

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8
Q

Return of substances from renal tubule into blood at peritubular capillaries

A

reabsorption

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9
Q

Removal of substances from renal tubule through urine

A

excretion

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10
Q

Almost all reabsorption occurs where?

A

PCT (proximal tubules)

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11
Q

Part of nephron that absorbs Na, Cl and H20 equally

A

PCT

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12
Q

Part of nephron that controls urine concentration

A

Loop of Henle

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13
Q

What part of nephron is impermeable to water?

A

ascending loop of henle (diluting segment)

distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

Part of nephron where most water is reabsorbed

A

collecting tubules

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15
Q

Part of nephron where site of aldosterone

A

distal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

Part of nephron where site of ADH

A

collecting tubules

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17
Q

What happens at proximal tubules?

A

Na actively transported

Almost all reabsoption occurs

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18
Q

What happens at Loop of Henle?

A

Na and K, 2Cl reabsorbed

Generation of interstitial salt gradient

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19
Q

What happens at distal convoluted tubule

A

Na reabsorption
K reabsorption and secretion
Hydrogen ion secretion

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20
Q

What cells are responsible for secretion of H+

A

intercalated cells

found in distal convoluted tubule

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21
Q

What cells are ADH-mediated H2O reabsorption

A

principle cells

found in distal convoluted tubule

22
Q

What happens at collecting tubules?

A

Water reabsorbed

23
Q

What is the driving force for glomerular filtration

A

hydrostatic pressure

24
Q

What force opposes filtration

25
Q

The volume filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman’s space per unit time

26
Q

Average GFR

A

125ml/min

180 liters/day

27
Q

A potent vasoconstricting factor

A

Angiotensin II

28
Q

What does angiotensin II in kidneys?

A

acts on renal tubules for increase Na reabsorption

29
Q

How does angiotensin II affect renal blood vessels?

A

constricts them
causing decrease in GFR
therefore less filtered Na

30
Q

Where is aldosterone released?

A

from the adrenal cortex

31
Q

What does aldosterone do in kidneys?

A

facilitates Na reabsorption

increases K elimination

32
Q

What is ANP?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

33
Q

Hormone released from cells of the cardiac atria in response to increased stretcher and work

34
Q

What does ANP work against

A

aldosterone

35
Q

Effects of ANP

A

Plays a role in salt and water excretion by inhibiting the reabsorption of Na and water in renal tubules

Inhibits renin secretion and therefore angiotensin II formation in turn reducing reabsorption of Na

counter fluid-conserving effects to reduce blood volume,

36
Q

Name three endocrine systems at work in the renal system

A

Renin-Angiotensin System (angiotensin II and aldosterone)
ADH
ANP

37
Q

Process of emptying the urinary bladder

A

Micturition

38
Q

Measure of urea in the blood

39
Q

What blood level reflects GFR and functional capacity of kidneys?

A

creatinine

40
Q

Where is urea formed

A

in the liver as a by-product of protein metabolism

only eliminated by kidneys

41
Q

What happens to BUN levels in dehydration

42
Q

Normal BUN/Cr ratio

A

10:1

>15:1 represent prerenal conditions

43
Q

Normal BUN

44
Q

Normal Cr

45
Q

The amount of some substance that is cleared from the blood by the kidneys

A

creatinine clearance

can be used to estimate GFR

46
Q

Diuretics that act at proximal tubule to shift the osmotic balance

A

osmotic diuretics

Mannitol

47
Q

Diuretics that work by inhibiting transporters in the loop of Henle

A

Loop diuretics

Lasix

48
Q

Diuretics that block the NaCL sumporter in the DCT to block NA reabsorption

A

Thiazide diuretics

Also used for kidney stones

49
Q

Diuretics that inhibit aldosterone, blocking Na reabsorption and increasing K retention

A

Potassium sparing diuretics (spironolactone)

50
Q

Glomerular structure

A

Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Incomplete basement membrane
Podocyte slots or slit pores

51
Q

Basement membrane

A

is negatively charged that repels negatively charged plasma proteins

52
Q

Glomeruli act as a sieve retaining

A

plasma proteins and blood cells

Renal system: pathology (5 decks)

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