Renal Failure

Question 1

What organisms commonly cause urinary tract infections (UTI)?

Answer 1

E coli
S saprophyticus
Proteus spp.
Klebsiella

Question 2

What are the symptoms and signs of UTI and pyelonephritis?

Answer 2

UQ pain, fever, dysuria, pyuria/haematuria, urgent/

frequent urination, nausea & vomiting

Question 3

What are the signs of chronic renal failure?

Answer 3

Aneamia, oedema, LOW,

bruising, pruritis.

Question 4

What are the symptoms and signs of severe uraemia?

Answer 4

Nausea,
Vomiting, Fatigue, Anorexia, Weight loss, Muscle cramps, Pruritus,
Mental status changes, Visual disturbances, Increased thirst

Question 5

Why do patients with acute renal failure develop acidosis and how does this affect the respiratory centre in the
medulla of the brain?

Answer 5

Failure to secrete H+ & ammonium. Excess CO2

increases respiratory rate.

Question 6

Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 6

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine. Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.

Proteinuria

Hypoalbuminemia – a result of proteinuria

Hypercholesterolaemia – low protein leads to an increase in lipids and lipiduria

Oedema – hypoalbuminemia due to proteinuria decreases the blood’s oncotic pressure resulting in water leaving the ECF

Question 7

Nephritic Syndrome

Answer 7

The nephritic syndrome is a clinical syndrome that presents as hematuria, elevated blood pressure, decreased urine output, and edema. The major underlying pathology is inflammation of the glomerulus that results in nephritic syndrome.

Haematuria
Oedema
Hypertension
Proteinuria