Diabetes

Question 1

What is the pathophysiology of type I diabetes?

Answer 1

HLA autoimmune condition causing destruction of pancreatic islet cells.

Question 2

What is the pathophysiology of type II diabetes?

Answer 2

Lifestyle-related disease leading to insulin resistance. In other words, Insulin is secreted but ineffective

Question 3

What is the metabolic syndrome and what are the signs on general examination?

Answer 3

Cluster of 3-5 conditions – central obesity, HPT, elevated fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, decreased HDL. Carries risk of heart disease & type 2 diabetes.

Question 4

What are the symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

Answer 4

Polydipsia, Polyuria, Dehydration, Nocturia, Vaginal itching, Coma

Question 5

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

Answer 5

Fatigue, Blurry vision, Increased heart rate, Pale skin, Headache, Hunger, Coma, Confusion

Question 6

What is diabetic ketoacidosis and how do patients present?

Answer 6

Uncontrolled low insulin, high blood glucose causes
diuresis + liver release of FFA leading to ketosis causing acidosis + dehydration. Acetone breath, nausea & vomiting,
Kussmaul breathing, thirst & dehydration, decreased LOC, coma.

Question 7

Retina

Answer 7

Diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, microaneurysms, haemorrhages.

Question 8

Kidneys

Answer 8

Pyelonephritis, papillary necrosis, BM lesions with proteinuria.

Question 9

Arteries

Answer 9

Atherosclerosis, PVD, HPT, gangrene

Question 10

Heart

Answer 10

Atheroma, hypertrophy

Question 11

Peripheral nerves motor and sensory

Answer 11

Neuropathy, tingling, loss of sensation

Question 12

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 12

Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, postural hypotension, bladder incontinence