Renal Endocrine & Reproductive

Question 1

AKI stands for?

Answer 1

Acute Kidney Injury

Question 2

3 causes of AKI

Answer 2

Prerenal Factors
Renal Factors
Post Renal Factors

Question 3

Causes of prerenal AKI

Answer 3

⬇️ CO
Heart Failure
Hypovolemia
Liver failure
Abdominal compartment dissection
NSAIDs
ACE/ARB drugs
Cyclosporine Drugs

Question 4

Causes of Renal Glomerulus AKI

Answer 4

Primary glomerulonephritis
Inflammatory system diseases such as SLE and systematic vasculitis
Infection of 2nd glomerulonephronitis eg Hep B/C and HIV

Question 5

Causes of renal tubuli and interstitium AKI

Answer 5

Nephrotoxins - contrast, meds, hemilysis, rhabdo, myeloma
Allergic reactions.
NSAIDs
Antibiotics
PPI
5 ASA
Tumorlysis syndrome
Ischemia
Sepsis
Local infection

Question 6

Causes of renal vessel AKI

Answer 6

Atheroembolic event
Renal vein thrombosis
Thrombolitic microangiopathy
Antiphospholipid sydrome

Question 7

Causes of post kidney AKI

Answer 7

Bladder obstruction, ureters or unilateral obstruction to a single connection to a single functioning kidney.

Question 8

7 dysfunctions of kidneys?

Answer 8

Broken filter
Create less urine
Increase renin production
Decrease in RBC production
Decrease in calcium absorption
Decrease buffer for pH
Decrease electrolyte balance

Question 9

What happens when kidney doesn’t function?

Answer 9

Build up of toxins
Fluid retention and oedema
Hypertensions and headache
Anemia
Weak bones muscle weakness
Acidity
Decrease cell function and nerve conduction
Harmful build up of electrolytes

Question 10

Symptoms of sImple UTI or cystitis

Answer 10

Dysuria
Frequency
Suprapubic pain
Haematuria

Question 11

Acute complicated UTI symptoms

Answer 11

Symptoms of simple UTI as well as
Rigors
Fever
Chills
Fatigue
Malaise
Flank pain

Question 12

What is Addison’s disease?

Answer 12

Hormonal condition where cortisol and aldosterone are produced in low or no amounts.

Question 13

What is Cushing syndrome

Answer 13

Chronically high levels of cortisol

Question 14

Crushing disease is caused by?

Answer 14

Pituitary adenine
Adrenal gland disease
Steroid medications

Question 15

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 15

Genetic disease effecting secretory cells.

Question 16

What is Diabetes Inspipidus Syndrome?

Answer 16

Inappropriate production of antidiuretic hormone

Question 17

Insulin infusion: step 1

Answer 17

Check policy.

Question 18

Insulin infusion: step 2

Answer 18

Check Order

Question 19

Insulin infusion: what equipment do you need?

Answer 19

50 ml LL syringe
Volume extension tubing 
Syringe Driver
Insulin (fast acting)
Normal saline

Question 20

Insulin infusion: how to prepare syringe?

Answer 20

Draw up 50 units of fast acting insulin
49.5ml of Saline. 

Question 21

Insulin infusion: concentration is?

Answer 21

1 unit per ml

Question 22

Insulin infusion: what else do you need?

Answer 22

Current infusion of 5% glucose.

Question 23

Insulin infusion: how often do you check BSL and titrate dose?

Answer 23

Hourly

Question 24

Early pregnancy concerns:

Answer 24

PV bleeding
Miscarriage
Ovarian hyper stimulation
Ovarian torsion
Ovarian cyst rupture
Hyperemesis Gravidorium

Question 25

Late pregnancy concerns:

Answer 25

Hypertension
Preeclampsia
HELPP syndrome
Obstetric haemorrhage
Placental abruption
Plancenta previer
Postpartum haemorrhage