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Renal Exam 1 > Renal Embryo > Flashcards

Renal Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

From what primary germ layer does the urogenital system come from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm (specifically the urogenital ridge)

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2
Q

Where are the urogenital ridges located?

A

Each side of the dorsal aorta

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3
Q

What does the urogenital ridge help form? What does this structure give rise to?

A

Nephrogenic cord Nephric structures -Proneprhos -Mesonephros -Metanephros

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4
Q
  • Which of the nephric structures appears first?
  • Where is it located?
  • When does it appear?
  • When does it degenerate?
  • What persists?
A
  • Pronephros (pro=first)
  • Cervical region
  • Wk 4
  • Day 24-25
  • Proneprhic ducts
    • Used by mesonephros
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5
Q
  • What neprhic structure forms second?
  • When does it appear?
  • Where is it located?
  • What are its components?
  • How long do they last?
A
  • Mesonephros (meso=middle)
  • Late week 4
  • Caudal to pronephros
  • Mesonephric ducts and tubules
  • Ducts are there first because they are coming from the pronephros
  • 6-10 weeks
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6
Q
  • What gene induces the formation of the mesoneprhic tubules from the intermediate mesorderm?
A
  • BNP 4
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7
Q
  • What do the mesonephric tubules form?
A
  • Renal corpuscles
  • Medial end of the tube forms the glomerular capsule
    Work for 6-10 weeks as interm kidneys that produce small amounts of urine
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8
Q
  • What happens to the mesonephric tubules after week 10 in males? Females?
A
  • Males- forms efferent ductules
  • Females-regresses
  • Degenerates by wk 12?
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9
Q
  • The _ end of the mesonephric _ induces formation of the of the metanephros (third nephric structure?)
A
  • Caudal
  • Duct
  • Ureteric bud
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10
Q
  • What two things make up the metanephros?
  • What is its main function in the developing fetus?
A
  • Ureteric bud
    • Outgrowth of mesonephric duct
  • Metanephric blastema
    • From nephrogenic cord
  • Produce amniotic fluid
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11
Q
  • By what week is a functional and definitive kidney formed?
A

WK 9-10

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12
Q
  • _ elongates and penetrates the _ to form the _
A
  • Ureteric bud
  • Blastema (from nephrogenic cord of intermediate mesoderm)
  • Renal pelvis
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13
Q
  • The cranial part of the bud branches become what?
  • The first generations of tubules enlarge to form _
  • The second generations of tubules form _
A
  • Collecting tubules
  • Major calices
  • Minor calices
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14
Q
  • What are the 5 steps in nephron development?
A
  1. Arched collecting tubule induces cells of metaneprhogenic blastema to form metanephric vesicles
  2. Vesicle elongates to form metanephric tubules (and becomes convuluted)
  3. Proximal end will form glomerular capsule (and is invaded by glomeruli)
  4. Other end of tubule lengthens and differentiates into PCT, DCT and Loop of Henle
  5. Each DCT contains an arched collecting tubule (now connected)
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15
Q
  • By what week are the kidneys in their permanent adult position?
  • Where do the definitive renal arteries come from?
A
  • 9
  • Abdominal aorta
  • Initially have branches from the common iliac arteries
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16
Q
  • What is shown in the following image?
  • What is the embryological cause?
A
  • Unilateral renal agenesis
  • Ureteric bud does not develop or degenerates too soon OR
  • Ureteric bud has no contact with the metanephrogenic blastema
17
Q
  • What is shown in the following image?
  • What is the embryological cause?
  • What are other consequences of this congenital anomaly?
A
  • Bilateral renal agenesis
  • Ureteric bud does not develop or degenerates too soon OR
  • No contact with metaneprhogenic blastema
  • Potter syndrome, oligohydramnios (too little amniotic fluid), pulmonary hypoplasia
18
Q
  • What is the embryological cause of Kidney/Ureter Duplications?
A
  • Abnormal division of ureteric bud
  • Incomplete division
    • ​Divided kidney and bifed ureter
  • Complete division
    • ​Double kidney and bifed ureter or separate ureters
19
Q
  • What is the embryological cause of a horshoe kidney?
A
  • Fusion of inferior poles
  • Ascent of kidney prevented by IMA
20
Q
  • What is the embryological cause of a Accessory Renal Vessel?
A
  • When kidney is ascending into the abdomen, the arteries that are supposed to degenerate do not. Can cause hydronephrosis
21
Q
  • What gene is mutated in polycystic kidney disease?
  • What are the signs and symptoms associated with this disease?
A
  • PKHD1
  • Cysts in both kidneys, renal insufficiency, pulmonary hypoplasia
22
Q
  • What are the three parts of the urogenital sinus?
A
  • Vesical part
  • Pelvic part
  • Phallic part
23
Q
  • What part of the urogenital sinus forms most of the urinary bladder?
A

Vesical part

24
Q
  • What does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus form?
A
  • Neck of the bladder
  • Prostatic urethra (m)
  • Urethra (f)
25
Q
  • What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus form?
A
  • Spongy urethra (m) and lining of vaginal vestibule (f)
26
Q
  • What are the steps in forming the trigone of the bladder?
A
  1. Wk 4-6 (mesoneprhic duct incorporated into posterior wall of the bladder)
  2. Ureteric bud is also attached and connects the openings of the ureteric buds to bladder wall
  3. Openings of the mesonephric ducts are carried inferiorly to pelvic urethra
27
Q
  • The bladder is initially continuous with what embryological structure?
  • What does this structure form?
  • Where is this structure locared?
  • What does it eventually form?
A
  • Allantois
  • Urachus
  • Apex of bladder to umbilicus
  • Median umbilical ligament
28
Q
  • What are the three types of urachal anomalies?
  • What is the embryological mechanism?
  • Describe characteristics of each
A
  • Urachal cysts
    • Remnants of epithelial lining of urachus that can be infected of enlarged
  • Urachal sinus
    • End of urachus remains open to bladder or to the umbilicus
  • Urachal fistula
    • Entire urachus is patent and urine escapes from umbilical orifice and urethra
  • CAUSE: Incomplete development of atlantois
  • Sx: Incontinence and frequent infections
29
Q
  • What are the three zones of the cortex of the adrenal medulla (suprarenal gland)?
  • What are the functions of each?
A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
    • ​Makes mineralcorticoids
  • Zona fasciculata
    • ​Makes glucocorticoids (regulate BGLs, Lipid metabolism)
  • Zona reticularis
    • ​Makes sex hormones
30
Q
  • What are the characteristics of the adrenal medulla?
A
  • Forms inner core of the gland
  • Chromaffin cells (specialized postganglionic sympathetic neurons derived from NEURAL CREST)
  • Secrete EPI and NE
31
Q
  • What are the steps in development of the suprarenal gland?
A
  1. WK 5
    1. Coelomic epilthelium delaminates and enters mesoderm
  2. NCCs migrate into medulla and differentiate into chromaffin cells
  3. Fetal cortex regresses (2nd month PN)
    1. Definitive cortical cells reorganize
      1. Zona glomerulosa
      2. Zona fasciculate
      3. Zona reticularis
32
Q
  • What hormone does the fetal renal cortex secrete?
  • What does it do?
A
  • DHEA
  • COnverted to estradiol in placenta
  • Maintains pregnancy and secretes ACTH adn glucocorticoids
33
Q
  • *What are the embryological derivatives of the bladder
    • Epithelium
    • Submucosa and muscularis
    • Trigone
A
  • Epithelium=endoderm (urogenital sinus)
  • Submucosa and muscularis=splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm
  • Trigone=intermediate mesoderm (mesonephric ducts)
34
Q
  • What is the embryological cause of exstrophy of the bladder?
A
  • WK 4
  • Defective closure of ventral abdominal wall during body folding

Renal Exam 1 (7 decks)

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