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Renal Exam 1 > Renal Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q
  • What are the main functions of the kidney?
A
  • Filter metabolic waste products
  • Convert filtrate into urine
  • Regulate BP
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2
Q
  • What makes up the urinary tract?
A
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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3
Q
  • At what spinal levels do the kidneys lie?
  • Which kidney is lower and why?
  • What gland lies above each?
A
  • T12-L3
  • Right (liver pushes it down)
  • Suprarenal gland (adrenal medulla)
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4
Q
  • What is the name for the entrance to the renal sinus? What is located here?
A
  • Renal Hilum
  • BV, renal pelvis, nerves
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5
Q
  • Where is the perinephric fat located?
  • Where does it extend?
A
  • Adjacent to kidney capsule
  • Renal hilum and pelvis
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6
Q
  • Where is the renal fascia located anatomically?
A
  • Covers fat enveloping kidney and suprarenal gland (perinephric fat)
  • Blends and sheaths renal vessels
  • Continuous with inferior diaphragmatic fascia superiorly
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7
Q
  • What is the renal capsule?
A
  • Layer of dense irregular CT
  • Contains myofibroblasts with contractile abilities
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8
Q
  • What is the renal cortex?
A
  • Outer portion of the kidney
  • Contains the renal corpuscles
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9
Q
  • What is the renal medulla?
A
  • Collection of renal pyramids and columns
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10
Q
  • What are renal pyramids?
A
  • Cone shaped masses in the medulla projecting into the calyx
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11
Q
  • What are the renal columns?
A
  • Lies between the pyramids running from cortex to calyx
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12
Q
  • What are the renal lobes?
A
  • Renal lobe= single pyramids + surrounding adjacent cortex
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13
Q
  • What is the renal calyxes?
A
  • Out pocketings of the renal pelvis
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14
Q
  • What are the renal papillae?
A
  • Projections of medullary pyramids apices into calyxes
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15
Q
  • What are the branches of the renal artery?
A
  • Segmental arteries
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16
Q
  • What are the branches of the ureter arteries?
A
  • Renal branches
  • Gonadal branches
  • Abdominal aorta branches
  • Iliac branches
  • Superior vesicular branches
  • Pelvic branches- rectal, uterine, vaginal, inferior vesicular
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17
Q
  • How does blood get into the kidney? (Artery wise)
A
  • Aorta
  • Renal artery
  • Segmental artery
  • Interlobar artery
  • Arcuate artery
  • Cortical radiate artery
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Glomerulus

ARSIACAG

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18
Q
  • How does blood get out of the kidney (vein wise)
A
  • Glomerulus
  • Efferent arteriole
  • Peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
  • Cortical radiate vein
  • Arcuate vein
  • Interlobar vein
  • Renal vein
  • Inferior vena cava

GEPCAIRI (GEP CAIRI) IDK

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19
Q
  • What sympathetic nerves innervate the renal nerve plexus?
A
  • Lesser splanchnic (T10-11) and least (T12)
    • Synapse in aorticorenal ganglia
  • Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
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20
Q
  • What parasympathetic nerves innervate the renal plexus?
A

Vagus (CN X)

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21
Q
  • What makes up a urine carrying unit?
A

Urine carrying unit= Neprhon + cortical and medullary collecting ducts

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22
Q
  • What is important about the renal interstitium?
A
  • Contains fibroblasts that produce EPO during hypoxic conditions
23
Q
  • What is located within the cortex?
A
  • Renal corpuscles
  • Convuluted and straight tubules of the nephron
  • Portions of the collecting duct
24
Q
  • What is located in the medulla?
A
  • Renal columns
  • Renal pyramids
25
Q
  • What are cortical(medullary) rays?
A
  • Collecting ducts and straight tubules running between the renal corpuscles and convuluted tubules within the cortex
  • Axis of renal lobule
26
Q
  • What are the layers of the glomerular capsule (aka Bowman’s capsule)?
A
  • Parietal layer
    • simple squamous epithelium
  • Visceral layer
    • ​Podocytes
  • Glomerular space
    • ​Contains primary filtrate
27
Q
  • What are the layers of the glomerular capsule (aka Bowman’s capsule)?
A
  • Parietal layer
    • simple squamous epithelium
  • Visceral layer
    • ​Podocytes
  • Glomerular space
    • ​Contains primary filtrate
28
Q
  • What are the key characteristics of the filtration membrane?
A
  • Lies between blood and capsular space
  • Fenestrated capillary endothelium
  • Filtration slits-between foot processes of podocytes with slit diaphragm
  • Basement membrane (Fused basement membrane of endothelium and podocytes)
  • Restricts passage of blood cells, immunoglobulins, and large proteins
  • Allows passage of water, ions, glucose, aas and urea
29
Q
  • What makes up the glomerular basement membrane?
A
  • Type IV, XVIII, laminin, entactin, proteoglycans
  • Restricts anything >70 kD
  • Negative chemical barrier (strong anti-anionic characteristics)
    *
30
Q
  • Where are mesangial cells located?
  • What is their function?
A
  • Support glomerular loops and extracellular matrix of podocytes
  • Phagocytic
  • Can control GFR
  • Prevents glomerular distension due to high glomerular BP
  • Secrete growth factors and cytokines in response to injury
  • Proliferate in certain kidney diseases
31
Q
  • Proximal convuluted tubule:
    • Location
    • Function
    • Key characteristics
A
  • Located in renal cortex and most abundant in tubule
  • Resorption and secretion
  • Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium with abundant microvilli
  • Abundant mitochondria
  • Basal membrane highly folded to increase surface area
    • ​Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins
    • Glucose transporters (GLUT 2)
      *
32
Q
  • What is the function of the Loop of Henle?
  • Where is it located?
  • What are its key characteristics?
A
  • Set up hyperosmotic gradient (draw more O2 into capillaries)
  • Terminates near vacular pole
  • Thin segment
    • Simple squamous
    • No brush border
  • Thick ascending
    • Simple cuboidal
    • Numerous microvilli
    • No brush border
33
Q
  • Where is the distal convuluted tubule located?
  • What is its function?
  • What are the key characteristics?
A
  • Confined to cortex
  • Angiotensin II (Na+ and H2O favor water reabsorption)
  • Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium
    • ​Sparse microvilli
    • Luminal surface is smoother than the proximal convuluted tubules and fewer in number
    • Segment begins variable distance from the macula dense of the thick ascending loop of henle
34
Q
  • Where are the collecting ducts located?
  • What type of epithelium lines them?
  • What is their function?
A
  • Run through cortex into medulla
  • Simple cuboidal with simple columnar at their ends
  • Water reabsorption
  • Drain into renal minor calyx
35
Q
  • What are the two cell types in the collecting ducts?
  • What hormones target the collecting ducts?
A
  • Light cells (principal cells)
    • Target of aldosterone
  • Dark cells (intercalated cells)
    • Involved in H+ and bicarbonate transport
  • Targets of ADH and aldosterone
    • Increase Na+ and H2O reabsorption and increase BP
36
Q
  • What type of cells are juxtaglomerular cells? What do they secrete and when is this secreted?
A
  • Mechanosensory
  • Secrete renin in response to low BP
37
Q
  • What type of cells are the macula densa?
  • What do they trigger the secretion of and what do they respond to?
A
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Respond to Na+ levels
  • Signal the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin
38
Q
  • What are the layers of the transitional epithelium/urothelium
A
  • Superficial
    • Stretched and relaxed
    • Contains fusiform vesicles-fuse with plasma membrane when cell is distended
  • Intermediate
    • Sliding layer
  • Basal layer
    • Contains stem cells
39
Q
  • **What forms the impermeable barrier of the transitional epithelium?
A
  • Urothelial plaques made of uroplakin protein
40
Q
  • What are the three regions of the urethra?
A
  • Transitional epithelium
    • At origin near the bladder
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
    • Majority of urethra
  • Stratified squamous
    • Distal urtethra
41
Q
  • What part of the urethra is smooth muscle and involuntary?
  • What part of the urethra is skeletal muscle and voluntary?
A
  • Internal urethral sphincter
  • External urethral sphincter
42
Q
  • What are the three named regions of the male urethra?
A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy (penile)
43
Q
  • Identify the numbered structures
A
  1. Bowman’s Capsule
  2. Proximal convuluted tubule
  3. Straight convuluted tubule
  4. Thin loop of Henle
  5. Thin Loop of Henle
  6. Thick ascending loop of henle
  7. Macula densa location
  8. Distal convuluted tubule
  9. Collecting duct
  10. Cortical collecting duct
  11. Medullart collecting duct
  12. Papillary duct
44
Q
  • Identify the following structures
A
  • From left to right, top to bottom
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla
  • AA=AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
  • AV=AFFERENT VENULE
45
Q

Name the following structures

A

Left to right, top to bottom:

  • Efferent arteriole
  • Glomerular capsular space
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
  • Parietal layer of glomerular capsule
  • Proximal convuluted tubule
46
Q
  • Name the poles of Bowmans capsule
A
  • Top= Vascular pole (containing the afferent and efferent arterioles)
  • Bottom=Urinary pole (origin of proximal convuluted tubule)
47
Q

Identify the arrowed structures

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Paritubular capillary
  • Visceral layer
  • Glomerular capillaries
  • Urinary space
  • Proximal tubule
48
Q
  • Identify the numbered structures
A

1) Capillary
2) Glomerular basement membrane
3) Podocyte
4) Subpodocyte space

49
Q
  • What tissue is shown below?
  • Identify the labeled structures
A
  • Ureter
  • Three layers of the muscularis
    • Inner longitudinal layer
    • Outer circular layer
    • Outer longitudinal layer
50
Q
  • What is this tissue?
  • Identify the structures
A
  • Transitional epithelium (urothelium-lines much of the urinary tract)
  • Left to right, top to bottom
  • Fusiform vesicles
  • Urothelial plaques
  • Intermediate layer
  • Basal layer
    *
51
Q
  • What tissue is shown below?
A

Relaxed transitional epithelium

52
Q
  • Identify the following tissue
A

Stretched transitional epithelium

53
Q

Identify the following structures

A
  • Left to right, top to bottom
  • Afferent arteriole
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Macula densa cells
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
54
Q
  • What part of the neprhon can you find the macula densa cells?
A

Thick ascending loop of Henle

Renal Exam 1 (7 decks)

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