Renal Day 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are macula densa cells?

A

cells that detect content of tubular fluid to know what to pass through (on distal convoluted tubule that sits next to afferent arteriole)

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2
Q

what are mesangial cells?

A

border glomerulus and function as precapillary sphinters to control pressure through glomerulus

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3
Q

what is the tubular pole?

A

where proxima convoluted tubule emerges off bowman’s capusel

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4
Q

what are podocytes?

A

filtration slits that sit outside the fenestrated glomerulus

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5
Q

what type of cells makes up the tubules of a nephron?

A

simple cuboidal with microvilli

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6
Q

what type of cells make up the loop of Henle?

A

simple squamous

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7
Q

what is normal plasma osmolarity?

A

300

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8
Q

where does most of reabsorption occur?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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9
Q

what happens to tubular fluid osmolality as it passes through the loop of Henle?

A
  1. descending osmolality increases
  2. ascending osmolality decreases and becomes hypoosmotic
  3. collecting duct urine is dilute and has low osmolality
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10
Q

what is the normal urine output per day?

A

1-2L

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11
Q

which leg of the loop of Henle is immpermeable to water?

A

ascending limb

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12
Q

which leg of the loop of Henle is not permeable to solutes?

A

descending loop

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13
Q

where are principle cells located?

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

-use aldosterone and ADH to reabsorb more water

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14
Q

what are intercalated cells?

A

they control and monitor pH by secretion of hydrogen and potassium into the tubular fluid
located at distal end of DCT

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15
Q

where are the two places that contain transitional epithelum?

A

ureters

bladder

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16
Q

what is the triangular area in the bladder?

A

trigone

ureteral openings and neck of urinary bladder

17
Q

is there a true sphincter in the bladder?

A

no (contains a physiologic valve)

-ureteral reflux

18
Q

how many layers does the detrusor muscle have?

A

3 layers of smooth muscle (not skeletal)

19
Q

what is a risk factor for bladder infection?

A

stasis (urine staying in the bladder)

age causes weakening of muscles

20
Q

what is an intravenous pyelogram?

A

way to visualize the urinary system

21
Q

what is the rate of secretion?

A

(glomerular filtration + tubular secretion) - tubular reabsorption

22
Q

how much filtrate is produced each day?

A

150L f

180L m

23
Q

what is the net filtration pressure at the glomerulus?

A

10mmHg

24
Q

what is the hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus?

A

55mmHg

25
Q

what is the relationship between mesangial cells and filtration rate?

A

relaxed cell = higher rate

contracted cell = lower rate

26
Q

what is the definition of GFR?

A

amt of filtrate formed in all the nephrons in both kidneys each minute

27
Q

what happens when GFR is too high?

A

reabsorbed materials aren’t sufficient

28
Q

what happens when GFR is too low?

A

reabsorbed materials will include some waste

29
Q

when will filtration halt?

A

when hydrostatic pressure drops below 45mmHg

-when not enough perfusion is coming in

30
Q

what is the lower and upper threshold of MAP at which GFR would change?

A

80-180mmHg

31
Q

what are the 4 ways in which the kidney autoregulates?

A
  1. myogenic (works w/in seconds)
  2. tubuloglomerular feedback
  3. neural feedback
  4. hormonal feedback
32
Q

if systemic blood pressure is higher, what happens in the kidney?

A

flow of fluid in the tubular system is faster

macula densa inhibits NO which vasoconstricts afferent arteriole

33
Q

how does sympathetic input impact glomerular?

A

GFR is decreased b/c afferent constricts more than the efferent
-shunting of blood , shock b/c of hemorrhage, dehydration or stress

34
Q

when does the body make atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

hypervolemia

-diuresis the body

35
Q

what is paracellular reabsorption?

A

solutes move across to capillary in between cells

36
Q

what is transcellular reabsorption?

A

solutes move across to capillary going through the tubular epithelial cells

37
Q

what is a transport maximum?

A

depends on number of protein transporters and how fast they work
-glucose threshold as example

38
Q

what is a aquaporin 2?

A

pure water channel (ADH related)