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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

what covering tissue has most nerves?

A

parietal layer

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2
Q

what kind of tissue makes up the endocardium?

A

simple squamous

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3
Q

where does SVC drain from?

A

above the diaphragm

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4
Q

where does IVC drain from?

A

below the diaphragm

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5
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain from?

A

the heart itself

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6
Q

what are the muscles in the ventricles called?

A

trabeculae carneae

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7
Q

what are the muscles in the atria called?

A

pectinate

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8
Q

what is the fibrous skeleton?

A

site for anchoring of cardiac muscle (base)
not electrically excitable
support for great vessels and valves

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9
Q

what is endocardial cushion defect?

A

cardiac muscle doesn’t form properly and the fetus has mixed blood heart pumping

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the auricles of the atria?

A

blood reservoir

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11
Q

what is an interatrial septum?

A

fuses together after birth

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12
Q

what is cristae terminales?

A

c-shaped ridge that separates the atria

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13
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

where the foramen ovale used to be (in between atria)

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14
Q

what is the pressure in the RV?

A

25 mmHg

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15
Q

what is the pressure in the RA and LA?

A

8 mmHg

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16
Q

what is the most common congentical defect?

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

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17
Q

how does a VSD pt present?

A

high pitched murmur
bad peripheral tissue perfusion
congestive heart failure (the system gets disrupted)

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18
Q

when do coronary arteries fill?

A

diastole

leaflets of aortic valve cover up the coronary arteries in systole

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19
Q

what is the biggest cerebral artery?

A

middle cerebral

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20
Q

what does coarctation mean?

A

narrowing

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21
Q

what is tetralogy of fallot?

A

large VSD, stenosed pulmonary valve, aorta emerges from both ventricles, right ventricle hypertrophy due to stenosed pulmonary valve

22
Q

what is transposition of great vessels?

A

RV is connected to aorta and LV is connected to pulmonary trunk

23
Q

where do coronary arteries branch off?

A

ascending aorta

24
Q

where is AV node located?

A

above tricuspid valve in RA

25
Q

what is the resting potential for a myocardial cell?

A

-90 mV

26
Q

what inflows to myocardial cell when it plateaus?

A

K outflow and Ca inflow

27
Q

what is the third phase of myocardial cells excitation?

A

Ca channels close and K outflow continues

28
Q

why is the refractory period important in the heart?

A

you don’t want the heart cells to fire at will (it lasts almost as long as the cardiac cell cycle)

29
Q

does the SA node have a resting phase?

A

no, it goes to -60 and then depolarizes again

30
Q

what type of junctions do cardiac cells have?

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

31
Q

what are imbedded in the plasma membrane?

A

Ca ion channels

32
Q

what is functional syncytia?

A

cardiac muscles contract as a unit or not at all

-gap junctions facilitate this

33
Q

what happens when myocardial tissue is infarcted?

A

troponin levels rise

34
Q

how much of the Ca comes from EC space?

A

20%

-opening of channels is triggered by opening of Na channels

35
Q

what sources of energy can the heart use to produce ATP?

A

glucose, fatty acids and lactic acid

36
Q

the rising phase of the action potential in the SA node is due to what?

A

the rapid entry of Calcium (NOT sodium)

37
Q

where are the cardiac centers located?

A 
medulla oblongata
(cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory)
38
Q

what affect does sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

A

increase both heart rate AND contractility

39
Q

what affect does parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

decreases heart rate HAS NOT IMPACT ON contractility

40
Q

which thoracic vertebrae innervate the heart?

A

T1-T5

41
Q

what does the P represent?

A

depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria (contraction of atria)

42
Q

what does the QRS complex represent?

A

depolarization from AV node to purkinje fibers followed by ventricular contraction

43
Q

what does the PR (PQ) interval represent?

A

delay between SA node and AV node

44
Q

what does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

45
Q

what is 1st degree heart block?

A

prolonged PR interval

46
Q

what can cause a large R wave?

A

ventricular hypertrophy

47
Q

what does the QT interval represent?

A

beginning of ventricular depol through ventricular repol

48
Q

what does the ST segment represent?

A

myocardial ischemia, MI would show a big ST elevation

49
Q

how might T wave change with MI?

A

T wave inversion

50
Q

what is QT syndrome?

A

causes a dysrhythmia when provoked by certain medications

51
Q

what is inotropic?

A

having to do with contractility

52
Q

what is chronotropic?

A

having to do with rate of heart beat

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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