Renal Clearance and Glomerular Filtration Rate Flashcards

1
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure generated by large molecules in solutions

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2
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by liquids

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3
Q

What two spaces are included in the glomerulus?

A

The vacular space and the Urinary space

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4
Q

By what process does water enter the nephron?

A

Only filtration

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5
Q

What is the relative concentration of glomerular blood plasma compared to ultrafiltrate?

A

Equal

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6
Q

Are electrolytes and macromolecules filtered in the glomerulus?

A

Electrolytes are freely filtered, but macromolecules >10K MW are not filtered

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7
Q

What drives glomerular filtration pressure?

A

Starling’s forces

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8
Q

What is the average glomerular filtration rate in L/day?

A

180 L/day (both kidneys)

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9
Q

What is the equation used for calculating starling forces?

A

= Kf[(Pc-Pi) - sigma(pic-pii)]

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10
Q

What does the sigma represent? What is its value when calculating glomerular filtration rate?

A

Reflection coefficient for protein; =1 because protein cannot cross glomerular membrane

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11
Q

What is Kf of the Starling forces equation? What is it representative of?

A

The ultrafiltration coefficient for glomerular capillaries; intrinsic pereability of glomerular capillaries

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12
Q

What factors are involved in Kf? How can it be calculated?

A

Hydraulic conductivity and surface area; Kf= Lp x A

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13
Q

What is the typical value of Kf when calculating glomerular filtration rate?

A

8.3 ml/min/mmHg

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14
Q

What forces favor glomerular filtration?

A

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure and Bowman’s space oncotic pressure

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15
Q

What forces oppose glomerular filtration?

A

Bowman’s space hydrostatic pressure and glomerular capillary oncotic pressure

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16
Q

What is the approximate ratio of filtration to absorption in non-renal capillaries?

A

~1:1

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17
Q

What happens to the rate of fluid filtered when the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure is reduced?

A

It decreases

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18
Q

What is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure relative to most other capillaries?

A

Glomerular capillaries have about 2x more hydrostatic pressure

19
Q

What is Puf?

A

Net Starling forces

20
Q

What is the typical value of bowman’s space oncotic pressure?

A

0

21
Q

What happens to the glomerular capillary oncotic pressure over the course of the capillary?

A

Increases

22
Q

What factors can increase GFR by increasing Pcg?

A

Increased renal artery pressure, decreased afferent arteriole resistance

23
Q

What factors can decrease GFR by decreasing Pcg?

A

Increased afferent arteriole resistance and efferent arteriole resistance

24
Q

How does decreasing glomerular capillary oncotic pressure affect glomerular filtration rate? What can result in a decreased Pigc?

A

Increses it; Decreased protein metabolsim due to malnutrition, hepatic disease, or GI losses or increased protein excretion due to kidney disease?

25
Q

How does increasing the Pbs affect GFR? What could result in this increase?

A

Decreases GFR; acute obstruction- stone, enlarged prostate

26
Q

How does increasing Bowman’s space oncotic force affect GFR? What increases this value?

A

Increases; Proteinuria

27
Q

What would result in a decreased in Kf? How would it affect GFR?

A

Reduced surface area or # filtering glomeruli due to hypertension, diabetes, glomeruloclerosis; Decreases GFR

28
Q

What is renal clearance of a substance?

A

The volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed by kidneys per unit time

29
Q

What is the typical renal clearance of glucose? What happens to the renal clearance of glucose in diabetes mellitus?

A

0; It would increase

30
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring GFR?

A

Inulin

31
Q

What is the amount of inulin filtered compared to the amount excreted?

A

Equal

32
Q

What is the rate of creatinine production compared to its rate of excretion? What is the amount filtered compared to the amount excreted?

A

Equal and equal

33
Q

How can glomerular filtration rate be calculated using inulin?

A

GFR= urine [inulin]*volume/ plasma [inulin]

34
Q

Is inulin secreted or reabsorbed?

A

No

35
Q

How can glomerular filtration rate be calculated using creatinine?

A

GFR= urine [creatinine]*volume/ plasma [creatinine]

36
Q

What is the relationship between clearance rate of creatinine and plasma concentration?

A

Inversely related

37
Q

Is creatinine secreted or reabsorbed?

A

~10% secreted by proximal tubule

38
Q

What is the normal value of glomerular filtration rate in ml/min?

A

~125 mL/min

39
Q

How does age affect the glomerular filtration rate?

A

After 40 yrs, GFR decreases by about 1 mL/min/ yr

40
Q

Where is para-amino hippuric acid made in the body?

A

It isn’t

41
Q

What does the renal clearance of PAH give an index of?

A

Renal plasma flow

42
Q

How can renal plasma flow be calculated using PAH?

A

RPF= urine [PAH]*volume/ plasma [PAH]

43
Q

Is PAH secreted or reabsorbed?

A

Vigorously secreted by the proximal tubule