Body Fluid Compartments and Basic Renal Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is molarity?

A

Number of moles of solute/ liters of solution

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2
Q

What is an osmole?

A

Amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form 1 mole of osmotically active particles

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3
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution

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4
Q

What term describes a solution with the same osmolarity as plasma? Below? Above?

A

Isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic

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5
Q

How can total solute be calculated from volume and concentration?

A

Total solute= conc* volume

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6
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A

Maintenance of constant body fluid volume and composition

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7
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulate water and inorganic ion balance, acid-base balance, eliminate metabolic waste products, eliminate foreign compounds, gluconeogenesis, secrete hormones

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin, Renin, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

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9
Q

What is osmolality?

A

osmoles/ kg solvent

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10
Q

What is the typical osmolarity of the serum?

A

290 mOsm/ L

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11
Q

What determine the extracellular fluid volume? The intracellular fluid volume?

A

Mainly by amount of Na+ in ECF; Mainly by total body K+ content

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12
Q

What cation and anion are most prevalent in intracellular fluid? Extracellular fluid?

A

K+ and Phosphate and organic anions; Na+ and Cl-

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13
Q

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

A

Water

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14
Q

What is included in the intracellular volume?

A

The volume of fluid within all cells of the body

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15
Q

What is osmotic equilibrium?

A

The net movement of water across a membrane

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16
Q

How does water enter/exit the cell?

A

Aquaporins

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17
Q

Which sex typically contains more fluid?

A

Males

18
Q

What is the average ratio of ICF: ECF?

A

2:1

19
Q

Within the ECF what is the ratio of interstitial fluid to plasma?

A

8:2

20
Q

What is the average total body water? Total ECF? Total ICF?

A

42 L; 17 L; 25 L

21
Q

How can total body water be estimated?

A

0.6 * body weight (kg)

22
Q

How can intracellular fluid be estimated? Extracellular fluid?

A

Intra- 0.4* weight (kg); Extra= 0.2* weight (kg)

23
Q

What organ system contains the most of the body’s intracellular fluid?

A

Muscle

24
Q

How does adding isotonic NaCl affect volume and osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

A

Osmolarity is maintained and ECFV increases

25
Q

How does adding hypotonic NaCl affect volume and osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

A

Osmolarity of ECF and ICF decrease; Both volumes increase

26
Q

How does adding hypertonic NaCl affect volume and osmolarity of ECF and ICF?

A

Osmolarity of both compartments increases; ECFV increases and ICFV decreases

27
Q

How would sweating 2 L and then drinking 2 L water affect osmolarity and volume of TBW, ECF and ICF?

A

Osmolarity decreases in all fluids; TBW stays the same, ECFV decreaes and ICFV increases

28
Q

What symptoms are associated with mild dehydration?

A

Thirst, dry lips and mouth, flushed skin, fatigue, irritability, headache, dark urine, decreased urine output

29
Q

What symptoms are associated with moderate dehydration?

A

Very dry mouth and tongue, skin doesn’t rebound, sunken eyes, limited dark urine output, cramps, stiff painful joints, severe irritability and headache, fatigue

30
Q

What are the signs of severe dehydration?

A

Blue lips, cold hands and feet, inability to urinate or cry tears, tachypnea, rapid and weak pulse, hypotension, dizziness, fanting, confusion, convulsions, lethargy, high fever

31
Q

What are the consequences of hypo-osmolarity or hyponatremia? What is a common cause?

A

Increase cell volume leads to brain edema, increased intracranial pressure decreases cerebral blood perfusion and results in pressure necrosis, confusion, seizures, muscle weakness, spasms, coma, permanent brain damage, respiratory arrest, and death

32
Q

What are the potential consequences of hyperosmolarity or hypernatremia?

A

Thirst, CNS dysfunction, confusion, neuromuscular excitability, seizures, coma

33
Q

What type of capillary runs adjacent to the tubular lumen of the kidney?

A

Peritubular capillaries

34
Q

What membrane of the tubule cells faces filtrate?

A

Luminal (apical)

35
Q

What two types of transport are accomplished by tubular epithelial cells?

A

Paracellular and transcellular

36
Q

What is the term for transport from tubular fluid into the capillary?

A

Rebasorption

37
Q

What term describes movement from the capillary into tubular fluid?

A

Secretion

38
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

From the glomerular capillary lumen into Bowman’s space

39
Q

How can the amount of something excreted in the urine be calculated?

A

=Amount filtered + Amount Secreted - Amount Reabsorbed

40
Q

What molecules and ions are secreted by the tubule?

A

H+, K+, Organic anions (choline, urea, creatinine), and foreign chemicals